21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World PDF

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Themes in Literature 5. Discovering Love - Fundamental and often universal ideas - The most prevalent subject in explored in a literary work literature...

21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Themes in Literature 5. Discovering Love - Fundamental and often universal ideas - The most prevalent subject in explored in a literary work literature 6. Exploring Filipino Humor Common Themes - Regardless of what the situation - Love is, Filipinos love making things - Loyalty humorous - Betrayal - Filipinos use humor as a quick - Identity escape from serious or even dire situations that bring negativity Maybe Explored 7. Interrogating Gender Relations and - Characterization the Filipino Gender Studies and - Setting Queer Theory - Dialogue - Looked into gender issues as the - Plot and Other Literary Devices latter are often frowned upon by more traditional people Theme 8. Representing Death and The Filipino - Recurring idea or message found within - Filipinos are optimistic and a work of literature shun this topic - Universal Truth - We imbue religions and - A concept that speaks to superstitious beliefs and humans practices regarding death - Filipinos have great respect for Meaning the dead - Can be seen as an expression of an 9. Understanding Spirituality and the author’s values and beliefs Filipino - Personal opinions - Religion plays a huge role in Filipinos’ lives In The Philippines, we have different themes - We also use such to deal with to explore: difficult situations 1. Imaging the Filipino Man 10. Discovering Filipino Aesthetics - The role of Filipino Man is - Colonization affects the Essentialized Filipino’s concept of beauty; it 2. Imaging the Filipino Woman is diversified - The Idea of Men are Superior - We have no standard of beauty and Women are Inferior In literature, aesthetics in writing are 3. Representing Filipino Family based on Western construct - We learn fundamental truths, In cinema, mestizo and mestiza are more perspectives, and beliefs favored 4. Exploring Filipino Traditions  11. Looking at War and the Filipino 4. Gender and Sexuality - We’ve had wars throughout - Gender refers to the socially history both literally and constructed roles, behaviors, metaphorically expressions, and identities of In literature, some writers imbue with girls, women, boys, men, and history to reflect gender-diverse people. 12. Exploring Class Relations in the 5. Tradition and Change Philippines 6. Faith and Religion - Social stratification is mirrored 7. Ecology and the Environment in Philippine Culture 8. Migration and Diaspora Write about the consequences of class 9. Literature and Justice stratification 10. Making and Keeping Peace 13. Imaging the Filipino Migrants - Leaving or returning to the Literary Elements, Techniques, and Devices homeland is one of the relevant situations for Filipinos in the Fiction present - Anything made up or shaped (Roberts - Characteristic of a migrant is and Jacob, 2007) their ability to stay rooted - Any literary piece that is prosaic untrue despite being exposed to other - May be long or short culture 14. Revisiting Philippine History Elements - Knowing what the country has 1. Characters been through - Verbal presentation of a person (aliens, objects, or animals) World Literature Types of Characters Themes - Round 1. Self-Discovery/Recovery - Fully developed thoughts, - Self is the starting point of feelings, complexities knowledge - Relatively flawed - Discovering and recovering the self in a world full of hardships, - Flat confusion, and struggles - No interiority (no character 2. Initiation to Social Process and development) Institution - No changes - From family to church, social - No flaws to resolve media, and school, we are influenced by our way of - Dynamic thinking and doing - Their morals and personality at - Concept of power, control, and the end of the story will change surveillance - Usually primary characters 3. Love and Romance  - Static 3. Point of View - The character does not change - Refers to the speaker, narrator, throughout the story or the voice created by the - Mostly secondary characters author to tell the story Similarities Types of Point of View - Both can be protagonist and antagonist, a. 1st Person POV dynamic or static characters - Pronouns: I/me - Influence the course of the story - Primarily main characters - May confront difficult dilemmas b. 2nd Person POV 2. Plot - Pronouns: you/he/her - Arrangement of events in a - Primarily not the main character story c. 3rd Person POV Parts of the Plots - Pronouns: we/us a. Exposition - Introduction of characters, the Types of 3rd Person POV plot, and sometimes, even the a. Limited conflict of the story - sticks closely to one character in the story b. Complication or Rising Action - Complication is the onset b. Omniscient development of the major - shows us what many characters conflict in the story are thinking and feeling c. Climax - Knows everything but is not - Where the conflict reaches its part of the story greatest tension, where the character faces the conflict 4. Setting - “Where and when did the story d. Falling Action take place?” - The outcome of the climax or the conflict 5. Conflict - Problem or struggle that the e. Denouement or Resolution character faces in the story - Ending of the story - May be open-ended Types of Conflict (cliffhanger) or closed-ended a. Internal Conflict (fixed ending) - Self-struggle of a character Example - Character vs. Self  b. External Conflict c. Dramatic Irony - Conflict that is something - When the characters in the story beyond their control do not know what will happen, but the readers do Example - Character vs. Character d. Cosmic Irony - Straightforward conflict - When fate seemingly intervenes between 2 characters with what happens to the - Character vs. Nature characters - The character is set in opposition to nature 3. Flashback - Character vs. Supernatural - Technique in which you - Such as ghosts, Gods, or interrupt the forward motion of monsters the narrative to recount or recall - Character vs. Technology earlier events - Character vs. Society - In placed in opposition to 4. Symbolism society, government, or societal - Using an object to represent norms something like a rose for love and a dog for freedom Theme - Refers to meaning, interpretation, or 5. In Medias Res (Latin) explanation - “In the midst of things” - Significance of the literary text 6. Allegory Literary Techniques and Devices - Used to express large and 1. Foreshadowing complex ideas - Narrating the story may be - Similar to metaphors employed, which is a hint of - Complete stories what may happen in the story Types of Allegory 2. Irony a. Biblical Allegory - The idea of what is expected is - Themes from the bible different from what happens - Explores struggles and good and bad Types of Irony a. Verbal Irony b. Modern Allegory - The idea of what is said is - Includes many instances of a different from what is meant phenomenon called “allegory” b. Situational Irony c. Classical Allegory - The idea of what is expected to - One of the most well-known happen is different from what allegories really happens  7. Allusion - a poet uses only fewer words, that is - Figure of speech that refers to a why more meaning is implied, rather famous person, place, or than stated. historical event - either directly or through implication Elements of Poetry 1. Diction and Syntax Types of Allusion a. Biblical Allusion Diction - Refers to any event or character - Author’s choice of words from the bible Types of Diction b. Literary Allusion a. Formal - To reference to another work of - Author’s use of elegant and literature standard words b. Neutral c. Historical Allusion - Based on how people talk about - Referencing to any event, mundane situations person, or place in history c. Informal - The use of colloquial language d. Mythological Allusion or slang expressions - Referencing to any event, d. General person, or place in mythology - The writer speaks in broad class - e.g. “All animals are adorable” 8. Motif e. Specific - Literary technique that consists - When a writer speaks of a of repeated elements specific type or category based on the given classification 9. Satire - e.g. “Cats are adorable” - This type of social commentary f. Concrete pokes fun - The author’s use of qualities of immediate perception 10. Cliffhanger - e.g. “Her touch is cold on my - Refers to a story with an skin” unresolved ending g. Abstract - Author’s use of broader, less Literary Elements, Techniques, and Devices palpable qualities - e.g. “Her touch tells me she Poem loves me.” Love is an Abstract - Greek - poiein “to create or make” - It varies in length, it may be long or Syntax short like fiction - Word order and sentence structure in a poem. Poetry - Written in verses (lines and stanzas)  - The normal word order in English is c. Olfactory subject-verb-object, but other authors - Appeals to the sense of smell use the reverse word order d. Gustatory - Appeals to the sense of taste 2. Character e. Tactile - Mainly the persona and the - Appeals to the sense of touch addressee f. Kinetic - Appeals to movement created Persona by objects - The persona in a poem is the speaker, g. Kinesthetic often mistaken for the author, hiding - Appeals to movements created their identity through a character. by humans or animals - The author may be a wife, student, oppressed citizen, or woman fighting for 5. Figures of Speech freedom. - Terms “describing organized - Persona - Mask patterns of comparison that deepen, broaden, extend, Addressee illuminate, and emphasize - Whom the speaker is talking to in the meaning (Roberts and Jacobs, poem. 2001). - A common mistake is that people mistake the reader for the addressee, Types of Figures of Speech which is not true “all the time” a. Simile - The addressee can be a husband, - Uses the words “as” and “like” teacher, government, or even men who b. Metaphor oppress women - Direct comparison c. Paradox 3. Setting - Something wrong is shown to - Answer the question ”Where is be truthful the persona?” and when d. Anaphora specifically is the poem situated - Repetition of the same word or in phrase throughout a work e. Apostrophe 4. Imagery - The speaker addresses either a - The use of words that trigger dead person or an abstract idea, one’s imagination by triggering like love or death one’s senses f. Personification - Attribution of actions or Types of Imagery emotions typically associated a. Visual with humans to objects or - Appeals to the sense of sight abstract ideas. b. Auditory g. Synecdoche - Appeals to the sense of hearing - In which a part stands for the whole or a whole for a part h. Metonymy 12. Cacophony - Substitutes one thing for another - Use of percussive and choppy with which it is closely sounds make for vigorous and identified with noisy pronunciation i. Pun or Paronomasia - Wordplay stemming from the 13. Rhyme fact that words with different - Contributes also to the prosody meanings have surprisingly in poem differing and even contradictory - Pertains to the repetition of end meanings sounds of a stanza in a poem 6. Tone 14. Form - The attitude of the author in a - What does a poem look like? poem - Does it follow a specific form, or is it written freely? 7. Prosody - Closed Form refers if the writer - Describing the study of poetic of a poem is using a specific sounds and rhythms. form - Identification of metrical feet - Open Form refers to the written used by a poet freely poem - Feet are associated with the pattern of stress and unstressed 15. Blank Verse syllables in a line in a stanza - “Unrhymed Iambic Pentameter” - A poem with 14 lines, and each 8. Assonance line has five (5) sets of iambs - Repetition of vowel sounds in different words 16. Couplet - A stanza with two (2) rhyming 9. Alliteration lines - Repetition of the same letter sound across the start of several 17. Tercet words in a line of text - A stanza with three (3) rhyming lines 10. Onomatopoeia - Imitation or suggestions of a 18. Quatrain situation or action - A stanza with four (4) lines 11. Euphony 19. Sonnet - Refers to words containing - A poem with 14 lines consonants that permit an easy and smooth flow of spoken 20. Song sound - Meant to be sung 21. Ode - Meditative or philosophical Symbolism and Allusion 22. Elegy Symbolism - About death and mortality - Using an object to represent something 23. Ballad Allusion - Narrative description with - Figure of speech that refers to a famous dramatic dialogue person, place, or historical event - either - Originated in folk literature directly or through implication 24. Hymnal Poem Theme - In quatrain which is similar to - The theme is what the text is about. the ballad stanza Literary Elements, Techniques, and Devices 25. Haiku - Japanese poem tercet Drama - 5-7-5 syllable, pattern in its - Written in script format original form but may vary - Has similarities to both fiction and when translated to english poetry - Like fiction, drama has a story revolving 26. Epigram around a character(s) in it - Short and witty poem that - Like poetry, it develops a situation usually makes a humorous or through speech and action. In fact, it satirical point somehow adapts the terseness of poetry 27. Limerick Drama and Play are different - Five-line poem popularized by Drama Edward Lear - is written in script and meant to be read - It is a comic and bawdy Play 28. Free Verse - when a drama is adapted on stage, it - Doesn’t have a specific structure becomes a play 29. Visual Poetry Elements of Drama - Concrete Poetry, a poem that 1. Dialogue has a specific shape or figure, 2. Stage Directions visually speaking - Refers to the playwright’s (script writer) instructions about 30. Blackout Poetry facial and vocal expressions, - Constructed by reduction of movements, action, gestures, words from a newspaper or a “body language,” stage paper with words using a appearance, and lighting marker - It is often italicized  3. Diction, Imagery, and Style - About terror, whose main - Diction objective is to scare the readers - Author’s choice of words 4. Utopian Fiction - Imagery - A world that is ideally perfect in - Use of words to trigger all aspects of society imagination - Style 5. Dystopian Fiction - Shaping of the story, - Futuristics, an imagined world setting, theme, costume, in which there is only an and vibe illusion of a perfect society, but it is in fact one which is 4. Characters oppressed through corporate, a. Realistic bureaucratic, technological, b. Non-realistic moral, or totalitarian control c. Stereotype/Stock Character d. Ancillary 6. Apocalyptic Fiction e. Symbolic - The end of civilization either through nuclear war, plague, or 5. Plot and Structure some other general disaster 6. Point of View 7. Tone and Mood 7. Post-Apocalyptic Fiction 8. Theme - The set in a world or civilization after such disaster Major Genres of Literature 8. Alternate History Speculative Fiction - Set in worlds where one or more - The broad genre encompasses stories historical events unfold that take place in imaginary worlds differently based on how they because of one or more “what if(s)?” did in reality Types of Speculative Fiction 6 Word Story 1. Science Fiction - Where the entire story was told in 6 - Impact of actual or imagined words science upon society or - A short narrative individuals Flash Fiction 2. Fantasy - Very short stories - Uses magic and supernatural - Under 1000 words (microstories) elements in plot, themes, and - Dribble (under 50 words) setting - Drabble (under 100 words) - Trabble (under 300 words) 3. Horror Fiction Metafiction  - Self-Conscious Literary Style 8. Gutter - In which the characters, authors, 9. Thought Bubble or narrators acknowledge the 10. Dialogue Balloons fact that they are part of a fiction. Literary Approaches - A work of fiction within a world of fiction Literary Criticism - The comparison, analysis, interpretation, Theatrical Adaptation and/or evaluation of works of literature - An adaptation is not merely a copy of an - Essentially an opinion, supported by original copy: novel or film is rewritten evidence, relating to theme, style, according to the needs of a theatrical setting or historical or political context. character or stage Literary Approach - Can be understood as the set of concepts and intellectual assumptions on which Graphic Novel rests the work of explaining or - Novel that tells a complete story via interpreting literary texts. illustrations Literary Theory Parts of a Graphic Novel - any principles derived from internal - Introduction analysis of literary texts or from - Body knowledge external to the text that can - Conclusion be applied in multiple interpretive situations. Manga - A wide variety of comic books Theory - Black and White in terms of color - Greek - Theoria - Right to left way of reading - A view or perspective in greek - weekly/monthly release of chapters stage - Originally from Japan Types of Literary Approaches Comics 1. Formalism - Larger serialized narration that is told - focuses on a text’s use of via illustrations structure. - analyzing the use of grammar, Parts of Comics word choice, syntax, and how 1. Publisher all the elements work together. 2. Main Title 3. Credits Characteristics of Formalism 4. Subtitle Focus on a literary work’s formal 5. Cover Image elements 6. Caption Analysis of grammar, word, choice, 7. Panel syntax  Disregard to cultural or historical - Structuralists seek universal influences systems by analyzing the "grammar" of a text, 2. Marxism highlighting contrasting ideas to - Marxism centers on class understand their role in the struggle as the foundation of overall structure. history, economics, politics, culture, and social conflict. 4. Post-Structural: Deconstruction - Marx and Engels formulated - A philosophy that emerged in their theories in 19th-century response to the limitations of Europe, asserting that capitalism structuralist criticism. unjustly favored the wealthy, - It did not simply reveal and predicted its eventual connections; it emphasized the collapse due to its profit-driven instability and plurality of nature. meanings. - It shows that meaning is The Three Class of Marxism indefinite and undecidable. Aristocracy - The traditional notion of nobility thinks 5. New Historicism of a feudal society with kings and - Popularized in 1980s queens whose power is built up through - It is historical, but it does not the acquisition of land control over view history in the same way political structures and the labor of the that it has been viewed working class. traditionally-that is as a chronicle of past events that Bourgeoisie "truly" happened. - The bourgeoisie is the ruling class in - New Historicists believe history Marxist theory, which reinforces its is a narrative influenced by power by exploiting the proletariat and personal biases and culture, appropriating the value of their labor. making "absolute truth" in history unknowable. Proletariat - The Proletariat is the working class in 6. Feminism the Marxist theory, which is the - Literature has historically been subservient and exploited class. male-dominated, with female writers outnumbered in many 3. Structuralism anthologies. - The critical approach you're - The 20th century saw efforts to describing is rooted in combat discrimination against structuralism, which examines women, with early feminist texts within broader social and voices like Simone de cultural contexts, emphasizing Beauvoir, Rosa Luxemburg, intertextual connections and and Hannah Arendt. patterns.  - In the Philippines, women's empowerment has advanced with gender equality measures and increased female participation in once male-dominated areas. - Similar to other literary approaches, Feminist criticism contextualizes texts within society and focuses on analyzing how women are represented, addressing issues like stereotyping and "objectification" of womanhood. Credits: Yotsuba