21st Century Literature 3rd Quarter PDF

THE WORLD -​ Analysis of literary texts (various genres across cultures) -​ Appreciate new trends in writing with 21st century writers -​ Inspire you to the world where differences are set and traditions of the past co-exist in harmony with values of the present WORLD LITERATURE -​ Tac...

THE WORLD -​ Analysis of literary texts (various genres across cultures) -​ Appreciate new trends in writing with 21st century writers -​ Inspire you to the world where differences are set and traditions of the past co-exist in harmony with values of the present WORLD LITERATURE -​ Tackle on the 21st century literary texts consisting of different genres from the regions of the world 21ST CENTURY LIT -​ The range of years in 21st century lit was written from (roughly) the year 2001 to the present. -​ Covers themes relevant to: ​ Modern Issues ​ Global Perspectives ​ Digital Advancements -​ People accepted all types of genres (C.S Lewis and J.K.K. Tolkien, 2000) -​ Famous books were converted to movies (Harry Potter, The Hobbit) -​ Some books were written in simple english -​ Works of old writers were translated (some don’t like to read old english versions) -​ Mythology was converted into graphic novel form (to build interest in young readers) -​ Books and wars, guides for exams, myths among others (frequent sellers in this decade) -​ 21st century literature is full of imaginative writing -​ 21st century is written by contemporary authors -​ This period is the emergence of different genres, like: ​ IM (instant messaging) ​ Blog format books ​ Digi-fiction ​ Manga ​ Doodle fiction ​ Graphic novels Philippine Literature World Literature Poetry, flash fiction, creative non-fiction Contemporary works from Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas Writing a close analysis and critical interpretation of literary texts and doing an adaptation of these require the learner's ability to identify: a.​ The geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of Philippine literary history from pre-colonial to the contemporary  b.​ Representative texts and authors from each region (e.g. engage in oral history research with focus on key personalities from the students’ region / province / town) LITERARY GENRE -​ Category that authors use to describe the primary content and tone of their writing -​ Can help them determine what type of plot, characters, and setting to create -​ Describe writing styles such as poetry, essays, novels, short stories, and plays A genre is a specific type of music, film, or writing. -​ A genre is a particular type of literature -​ Two main genres are fiction and nonfiction; there are many subgenres of fiction (made-up story) and nonfiction (based on facts) Historical Fiction A fictional story that takes place in a particular time period in the part. The setting is often real, but the characters are made up from the author’s imagination. Science Fiction A story based on the impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets. Mystery A genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown. Folklore Songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person that has been passed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is very popular. Drama Literature that is meant to be acted on a stage (play). The stories are composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance. Conflicts and emotions are expressed through dialogue and action. Realistic Fiction A story that seems real or could happen in real life. It is set in the present and includes modern problems of everyday life Autobiography The story of a real person’s life that is written by him/herself Biography A true story an author writes about another person Narrative Fiction A narrator tells a true story about people, things, animals, or events, current or historical. The information is organized around an idea. ORAL TRADITIONS -​ By word of mouth -​ Consists of short oral literary forms during the pre-literate era -​ (information) handed down orally ORAL LITERARY FORMS -​ Mostly folklore (proverbs, sayings, myths, legends, riddles, fables, songs) LITERARY FORMS -​ Produced in varied tongue ORAL TRADITIONS -​ Oral traditions and expressions used to pass on knowledge, cultural and social values and collective memory TYPES OF ORAL TRADITIONS Proverbs (salawikain) Short sayings, words of wisdom Sayings (kasabihan) Popular expressions reflecting everyday life Myths Stories that explain natural phenomenon or origins of the world Legends Blended fact or fiction, often explaining the origins of place / character Riddles (bugtong) Rhyming phrases with hidden meaning or clues Fables Stories with animals as characters that teach moral lessons Songs Musical expressions of love, work, and commonly life PHILIPPINES GEOGRAPHY -​ Study of places and relationships between people and their environments -​ Location of where the literary text is located Region I Ilocos Region Region II Cagayan Valley Region III Central Luzon  Region IV-A CALABARZON Region IV-B MIMAROPA Region V Bicol Region Region VI Western Visayas Region VII Central Visayas Region VIII Eastern Visayas Region IX Zamboanga Peninsula Region X Northern Mindanao Region XI Davao Region Region XII Socksargen Region XIII CARAGA LANGUAGE -​ A system of conventional spoken, manual, or written symbols by which individuals express themselves ETHNICITY -​ The quality or fact of belonging to a population group made up of people who share a common cultural background PHILIPPINES LITERARY TIMELINE 1.​ Pre-colonial 2.​ Spanish 3.​ American 4.​ Japanese 5.​ Contemporary / Modern period PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE ​ ​ PROSE -​ Form of language that has no formal metrical structure (no specific structure) -​ Uses ordinary language (depends on the topic) -​ In sentences and paragraphs Subgenres of prose: fiction and nonfiction  FICTION NONFICTION -​ Imaginary -​ Works of facts or theory -​ Short stories, novels, myths, -​ Letters, diaries, essays, parables, romances, and epics autobiographies, histories, newspapers, and so forth ​ POETRY -​ Written in verse / stanzas / lines with measure and rhyme -​ Uses figurative language The first novel ever written is “The Tale of Genji.” It was written by a noblewoman named Murasaki Shikibu in the early 11th century. PRE-TEST F 1.​ An oral form of literature that prominently uses the A.​ Epic element of metaphor B.​ Folk songs C.​ Legend D 2.​ A prose narrative explaining how the world was D.​ Myth formed E.​ Proverb F.​ Riddle E 3.​ Also known as aphorism A 4.​ A long narrative poem that tells about the adventure of a hero B 5.​ This oral form of literature includes lullabies, harana, or balitao -​ Oral and written literature were presented in our culture -​ We had our own alphabet that our malayan ancestors used Sometime in the 13th century -​ Writing systems derived from the indian-influenced culture of indonesia and malaysia came to the islands -​ Leading to the emergence of native writing systems called baybayin -​ Used by certain inhabitants of luzon and the visayas -​ Written literary forms did not last (leaves, bamboo canes, ground) -​ Oral literature continued by word of mouth like riddles, proverbs, folksong, and folktales, myths, and legends Pre-colonial Period Riddles -​ Come in 1, 2, 3, or 4 lines  -​ Riddles serve as a form of folk speech -​ About the battle of wits -​ Obscure words has been invented for the purpose of rhyme and meter -​ May be in the form of a direct question -​ Tigmo (cebuano), Bugtong (tagalog), Paktakon (ilongo), Patototdon (bicol) -​ Prominent element present; use of a metaphor Folk narratives -​ Consists of myths, legends, and folktales -​ Prose narratives; how the world and people came to be in their form -​ The origin of the surrounding world has always been the object of interest of prehistoric filipinos Folk songs -​ A form of folk lyric -​ Expresses the hopes / aspirations, people’s lifestyles as well as their lives -​ Children’s songs or ida-ida (maguindanao), kantang pambata (tagalog), cansiones para abbing (ibanag) 1.​ Historical songs - based on society’s past and values 2.​ Lullaby songs - for luring a baby to sleep with a gentle, soft sound 3.​ Reflective songs -philosophical songs that are based on proverbs 4.​ Ritual songs - connected with worship 5.​ Moral songs - concerns the principles of right and wrong -​ Bahay kubo -​ Magtanim ay ‘di biro / Planting is no joke -​ Paruparong bukid -​ Sitsiritsit, alibangbang Lullabies or ili-il (ilongo), love songs like the panawagon and balitao (ilongo), harana or serenade (cebuano), the bayok (maranao) Ambahan of the Mangyans - about human relationships and social entertainment, also serves as a tool for teaching the young Kalusan (ivatan) - work songs that depict the livelihood of the people, often sung to go with the movement of the workers Epics -​ Considered ethno-epics; they are histories of various ethnic groups -​ Comes in various names: Guman (subanon), Darangen (maranao), hudhud (ifugao), ulangihan (manobo) -​ Revolves around supernatural events / heroic deeds Bi-ag ni lam-ang (ilocano) Hinilawod (sulod) Kudaman (palawan) Darangen (maranao)  Buhong na langit (the maiden of the buhong sky from tuwaang-manobo) Tudbulol (t’boli) Proverbs -​ Aphorisms -​ Short statement -​ Usually known by many people for a long time -​ Gives advice or expresses some common truth Basahanon or extended didactic sayings from Bukidnon Daraida and Daragilon from Panay Proverbs or Salawikain (tagalog) Echoes the values of the Philippines (e.g. If you plant, you harvest || kung may tinanim, may aanihin) SPANISH PERIOD -​ 1521: The spaniards came -​ The spaniards introduced paper -​ Written literature in the Philippines was born -​ Most prominent characteristic of our literature; use of religion as the content in the works of the early literature. One great example is the idea of goodness that will be rewarded and that evil deeds will be punished -​ Religion introduced theater Komedya Describes the conflicts between Muslims and Christians Sinakulo / Senakulo The staged re-enactment of Christ’s passion and death Zarswela A play with songs and dances usually romantic love Playlets A short play or dramatic piece Drama Performance of written dialog Gaspar Aquino De Belen “Ang Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Cristong Panginoon na Tola” (Holy passion of our lord jesus christ in verse) is the country’s earliest known pasyon (1704) Other known pasyons chanted during the lenten season are in ilocano, pangasinan, ibanag, cebuano, bicol, ilongo, and waray Balagtas’ “Florante at Laura” -​ Gave birth to metrical romance, specifically the awit and korido in tagalog Jose Corazon De Jesus  -​ Huseng Sisiw -​ Huseng Batute Francisco Balagtas -​ THEMES DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD -​ Love for one’s country and discontent with spanish rule Jose Rizal -​ Mi Ultimo Adios (my last farewell); to express his love for his native soil Andres Bonifacio -​ Patriotic poem entitled “Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa” (love for the native land) AMERICAN COLONIZATION -​ Introduction of free public instruction for all children of school age -​ Use of english as medium of instruction in all levels of education in public schools -​ Free public education made knowledge and information accessible to a greater number of filipinos -​ Improve their social status -​ Joined a good number of educated masses who became part of the country’s middle class Poetry -​ Continued to flourish in all regions of the country during the american period Francisco F. Balagtas -​ Nation’s foremost poet invented the balagtasan in his honor -​ Balagtasan; debate in verse, a poetical battle done almost spontaneously between protagonists who debate over the pros and cons of an issue Spanish is the second language in the world with more native speakers. Around 406 million people speak Spanish. It comes after Chinese and English. POSTWAR AND CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Ang Bayan Ko by Freddie Aguilar -​ A poem (1928) -​ Filipinos were campaigning for independence from america -​ President Manuel L. Quezon -​ Based on a poem by Jose Corazon de Jesus -​ Yearnings of people colonized for over 400 years (a colony of spain and us) Appearance of new publications after the martial law -> flowering of philippine lit Filipino writers -> poetry, short stories, novellas, novels, and essays -​ The most translated Philippine poem is Mi Ultimo Adios by Jose Rizal -​ It is originally written in Spanish and translated into 38 other languages Francis C. Macansantos and Priscilla Macansantos -​ Notable figures in the field of literature and education FCM -​ Poet known for his contributions to philippine poetry -​ Palanca awards -​ Essay on philippine literature “The philippine novel, whether written in english or any of the native languages, has remained social-realist.” PM -​ Academic writer -​ Involved in educational initiatives (to promote literature and critical thinking among students) Social Realism -​ An aesthetic and political art movement that emerged in the late 1970s -​ Social issues, struggles, and the realities of life -​ Expressed in the visual and other realist arts -​ Depicts social and racial injustice and economic hardship through unvarnished pictures of life’s struggles, often depicting working activities as heroic Edgardo Reyes’ Sa mga kuko ng liwanag (1986) -​ A critique of urban blight; by definition, include those with old houses, elderly population, declining income, increased risk, and dead zones In the Claws of Light is the story of a young provincial named Julio Madiaga who goes to the city to look for his lost love, Ligaya Paraiso. Edilberto K. Tiempo’s To Be Free -​ A historical probe of the western idea of freedom in the context of indigenous Philippine culture -​ (Awards) 1.​ Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature 1950 2.​ The philippine free press (best short story, poem, and essay published) 1907 3.​ Philippine graphic 1927 4.​ Home life and panorama literary awards  21st Century period -> new trends -> used and introduced to meet the needs and tastes of new generation Region Authors Literary Works Region I, Ilocos Region Leona Florentino Naipay a Namnama (Bigong Pag-asa) Derick Marcel F. Yabes Ti Pusak a Gusing (Daniw para ubbing) (Ang pusa kong may biyk sa labi / bibig) L. Ruben Ilaga Samiweng ni Ayat (song of love) Manuel E. Arguilla How my brother leon brought home a wife Region II, Cagayan Valley Edith L. Tiempo The return InesTaccad-Cammayo People of Consequence Region III, Central Luzon Gregorio Brillantes Faith, love, time, and dr. lazaro Virgilio S. Almario Barlaan at josaphat Region IV-A, Calabarzon Samuel C. Lacia Jr. The winds over ternate Region IV-B, Mimaropa N.V.M. Gonzales The bread of salt Region V, Bicol region Bienvenido N. Santos Early harvest Region VI, Western visayas Alicia Tan-Gonzales, Peter Hiligaynon Solis Nery, Edgar Siscar, Resurreccion Hidalgo, Alfredo Siva, Alain Russ Dimzon Region VII, Central visayas Vicente Sotto Maming Vicente Ranudo Hikalimtan? Region VIII, Eastern visayas Iluminado Lucente An Iroy nga Tuna  Nicanor P. Tiosen Even if it takes a lifetime Merlie M. Alunan Duwa-duwa, wititk-witik sa hangin Janis Claire Salvacion Siso sakradang Region IX, Zamboanga Egmidio A. Enriquez The white horse of alih peninsula Region X, Northern Mindanao Anthony Tan The sparrows come free Region XI, Davao region Samuel C. Lacia Jr. On the old, wet bridge Aida L. Rivera Ford Love in the cornhusks Region XII, socksargen Christine Godines-Ortega Legend of Maria Cristina falls Jaime An Lim Auguries on a monday morning Cordillera Administrative Michael M. Coroza Munting daigdig, dalit at awit Region Jessica Zafra Twisted Janet B. Villa Undercurrents National Capital Region Amadis Ma. Guerrero Children of the city (short story) Jose Garcia Villa Footnote to youth CALABARZON -​ Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, Quezon -​ Region IV-A -​ Home to the TAGALOG-speaking people -​ Recognize for their fearlessness and bravery in battles -​ Participates in fights in democracy and freedom FAMOUS AUTHORS Jose Garcia Villa (1908 - 1997) -​ A filipino poet, writer, and critic -​ Pen name “Doveglion” ; a combination of the words “dove,” “eagle,” and “lion” was what he believed was his true persona -​ Notable works: “The Anchored Angel,” The Emperor’s New Sonnet,” and “Footnote to Youth.” Carlos P. Romulo (1899 - 1985)  -​ Wrote and published 18 books -​ A range of literary works, which include The United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography), I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother America, and I See the Philippines rise (war-time memoirs) Francisco Arcellana (1916 - 2002) -​ Was proclaimed national artist of the philippines in literature on June 23, 1990, by President Corazon C. Aquino -​ In 2009 (seven years after his death), his family came out with a book to pay tribute to National Artist for Literature Arcellana Nestor Vicente Madali Gonzales (1915 - 1999) -​ Pen name: N.V.M. Gonzales -​ A filipino novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet -​ Conferred as the National Artist of the Philippines for Literature in 1997 Virgilio Senadrin Almario (born March 9, 1944) -​ Pen name: Rio Alma -​ Filipino visual artist, author, poet, critic, translator, editor, teacher, and cultural manager -​ National Artist of the Philippines -​ Served as the chairman of the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (KWF) -​ On Jan 5, 2017, Almario was also elected as the chairman of the National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCAA) LUZON FLOWERS IN THE CRYPT ​ (Geographical Background) -​ (Luzon) most populous island group -​ Almost half of the ethnic groups are found in Luzon -​ These ethnic groups use these major regional languages: Tagalog, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bicolano, and Pangasinense. -​ (English) widely used in Luzon, just like in Visayas and Mindanao. ​ (Author’s Background) -​ Catherina Garcia Dario -​ Native of Manila -​ (creative non-fiction) published in Reader’s Digest Asia and PLURAL -​ Awarded fellowships to the 19th Ateneo HEIGHTS Writers Workshop, and the 10th Virgin Lbfest Fellowship Program of the Cultural Center of the Philippines  VISAYAS AN EXCERPT OF THE SUGILANON OF EPEFANIA’S HEARTBREAK ​ (Geographical Background) -​ Visayas islands, also called Visayas or bisayas island group, central philippines -​ The seven main islands are: Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar -​ Three major visayan languages: Cebuano (mother-tongue of about ⅕ of the ph population), Hiligaynon, and Waray-waray (Author’s background) -​ Ian Rosales Casocot -​ Born in Dumaguete City in 1975 -​ Studied in the International Christian University in Tokyo, Japan -​ Won several Don Carlos Palanca Awards and an NVM Gonzales Prize for his fiction MINDANAO THE KIRAM BUILDING ​ (Geographical Background) -​ Home to 33 ethnolinguistic groups, 13 (islamized), 19 (Lumad or indigenous groups, and Christian settlers composed of migrants from Luzon and the Visayas) -​ Muslims formed their sultanates -​ Sultanate of Sulu -​ Sultanate of Maguindanao ​ (Author’s Background) -​ Christian Cabagnot and Karlo Antonio David -​ Both graduated from Ateneo de Davao University -​ Budding writers of “Dagmay” -​ Created a nonfiction description of the Kiram Building, one of the famous landmarks in Kidapawan What is poetry? (own definition) -​ Stanza -​ Rhyme -​ Lines -​ Limerick -​ Sonnet -​ Haiku -​ Tanka -​ Uses figurative language  GENRES OF POETRY IN 21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Text Tula -​ One of the most recent -​ Mastered by Frank Rivera -​ Written and read on mobile phones -​ Usually short (numbers of characters allowed) -​ Consists of 4 lines with 7 syllables Sabi mo mahal mo ‘ko Aking dakilang guro Pero bakit ang labo Salamat sa turo mo May ikaw at may ako Kung hindi dahil sa’yo Pero wala ang tayo Ako’y naging bastardo Hyper Poetry -​ New genre of literature -​ Uses technology as medium -​ Uses links using hypertext mark-up (poetry that is available on a webpage, which takes advantage of hyperlinks / url) -​ Sets of words, phrases, lines, etc. For example, there may be a word in a poem that is a link, so when the reader clicks on the word, an image / website / or even another poem pops up to be read. Did you know that…? Mahabharata is the longest poem in the world. It is an Indian poem that has around 1.8 million words. Rhythm -​ Derived from rhythmos (greek), meaning “measured motion” -​ Music made by statements of the poem which include the syllables in the lines (flow of the beat) -​ Can be fast or slow (depends on the mood / subject) Meter -​ Describes the rhythm (pattern of beats) in a line of poetry -​ A poetic measure; arrangements of words regularly measure, patterned, or rhythmic lines or verses Stanza -​ A smaller unit or group of lines Rhyme -​ Last words / sounds of the line match with each other in the same form Hey diddle, diddle Hey diddle, diddle We are so little But our God created the moon The little dogs and cats The monkeys and the rats And the sun that shines at noon Rhyme Scheme -​ Pattern sequence in which rhyme sounds occur in a stanza / poem Theme -​ Central idea of the poem that the poet wants to convey (love, nature, identity, and society) Symbolism -​ Will be used to create such an effect (e.g. color red as a symbol for love, passion, or even death). I do not like green eggs and ham A I do not like the Sam I am A I do not like them in a boat B I do not like them with a goat B I do not like them in a house C I do not like them with a mouse C Imagery -​ Device used by the poets for readers to create and image in their imagination -​ Language that provides a sensory experience using the 5 senses -​ Form of description that appeals to reader’s senses and imagination -​ Allows the reader to clearly see, touch, taste, smell, and hear what is happening Genres of fiction in 21st CL Prose narrative -​ Any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or places that are imaginary, or in ways that are imaginary Chick Lit -​ Addresses issues of modern womanhood -​ Popular in the late 1990s -​ Sometimes include romantic elements Speculative Fiction -​ Broad umbrella category of narrative fiction -​ Super genre; the highest genre of fiction -​ Created out of human imagination and speculation Flash Fiction -​ Very brief, self-contained stories -​ Word count ranges from 5-7 min to 1000 av, and 1,500 max -​ Focuses on movement: each sentence For sale: baby shoes, never worn. Flash fiction Max 1,500 words Sudden fiction Max 750 words Drabble / microfiction Max 100 words Twitterature Max 280 characters Six-word story Any story with a single-digit word count is a category unto itself