2025 REVIEWER for Contemporary Philippine Arts PDF

REVIEWER for CONTEMPORARY Philippine arts from the region q1 Contemporary Art is art made today by living artists considered as the “art of today.” As such, it reflects the complex issues that shape our diverse, global, and rapidly changing world. The Philippines as a diverse country, it contains ri...

REVIEWER for CONTEMPORARY Philippine arts from the region q1 Contemporary Art is art made today by living artists considered as the “art of today.” As such, it reflects the complex issues that shape our diverse, global, and rapidly changing world. The Philippines as a diverse country, it contains rich of vibrant contemporary arts. Nowadays, several artistic creative Filipinos are producing contemporary art forms all through out the 17 regions in the Philippines. Contemporary Art is defined as “the art of ‘today’”. For example, a painting, song, or dance from 1998 is an example of Contemporary Art in 1998. It does not have a specific style and it is not a period of art. Art Forms in the Philippines 1. Visual Arts is the art meant to be perceived by sight. This includes the following: Drawing is a practice in which images are created by using a medium (e.g. pencil, pen) on a surface by marks of lines and shapes. Painting is both the art of applying paint (using a brush, palette knife, airbrush, etc.) on a surface, and its result. The most common mediums used are watercolor, oil, acrylic, and spray paint. Sculpture is the art of making three-dimensional pieces. It has four basic techniques: o Carving involves removing materials from the medium using various tools, such as knives and chisels. o Modeling is the process of gradually adding and reworking soft or malleable materials to form the sculpture, rather than removing. o Assembling refers to a technique of using different objects and materials collectively called “found objects” and glued, attached, or held together into one piece. o Casting is more often used for mass productions of a piece. This involves using a mold which will be poured on with a liquid material, such as plastic or rubber, which will then harden and form a cast. Printmaking is a technique done for reproducing a piece of art. o Serigraphy, also referred to as silkscreen printing, is a technique that uses a screen and squeegee to push paint onto the surface below. o Relief utilizes a block that is carved, then painted on the raised areas, after which is pressed on a surface. o Intaglio is the opposite of relief printing because the engravings are used to apply paint on so that the final product will have an embossed effect. This is used in printing banknotes. Architecture is the art and science of designing and planning structures, such as buildings and houses. Applied Arts is the art of applying design to everyday objects. o Industrial design is meant to create and design commercial objects and products with the aim to improve functionality and value in relation to its design. o Graphic design combines images and typography mainly done for commercial purposes, such as advertising. o Fashion design is the process of designing and creating clothing. o Interior design aims to create an environment inside a structure that is functional, safe, as well as aesthetically pleasing. Photography is the process of capturing still images and utilizing light with a camera. The most common types are:  o Portrait Photography which aims to capture stills of people, o Landscape Photography which aims to capture natural landscapes and wildlife, o Mobile Photography wherein the photographer uses a mobile phone’s camera, o Commercial Photography which is meant to showcase or advertise a product, o Food Photography which captures food, o and Sports Photography which captures moments in sports. Handicrafts is the art of producing useful and decorative objects with simple tools. Examples of handicrafts include embroidery, woodcrafts, metalcrafts, ceramics, weaving, and paper art. 2. Performing Arts is any art produced by using one’s voice, body, or presence usually presented in front of an audience. This includes the following: Music is the use of one’s voice or instruments to produce sound. Musical genres in the country include pop, choir, rock, hip-hop, and folk music. Dance utilizes the artist’s body movements, facial expressions, as well as presence to produce a piece. It is usually accompanied by music. Theater integrates spoken dialogue, acting with body movements and facial expressions, literary elements (e.g. plot), design (e.g. costume, theater space, props), and music to create a whole production. Spoken word is a performance of a poem that focuses on enunciation and delivery. 3. Literary Arts is the art of utilizing words and written language. This includes the following: Poetry is a form of literature that has a rhyme scheme and a unit of rhythm, called meter. Legend is defined as a story that is used to explain an event or phenomenon that is handed down from generation to generation. Novel is a lengthy narrative, usually of different individuals. Genres of novels include mystery, science fiction, horror or thriller, romance, and history. Short story is a short fictional work, which can usually be read in a few minutes. Examples of short stories include anecdotes, fables, fairy tales, and parables. Electronic literature is a new form of literature made to be viewed in devices, such as computers and mobile phones. Websites, such as Wattpad, are popular to the public nowadays, especially teenagers. Additionally, printed books are now converted to be viewed on electronic devices which are called “e-books”. 4. Media Arts are forms of art that are produced, shown, and make use of media technologies, such as computers, television, film, radio, and mobile phones. Video art is considered to be the abstract form of video making because it does not rely on most of the elements of traditional videos, such as actors, dialogue, and plot. Video games are interactive forms of art that are played on a computer or console. Animation is the art of making 2D or 3D figures and images move. Digital art makes use of digital technology to create an artwork. o Digital painting is recreating traditional painting using a computer or mobile device, such as a smartphone or tablet. o Photo manipulation is altering a photo through an editing software, such as Adobe Photoshop, to create a surrealistic image. Filmmaking is the process of capturing moving images generally made for media broadcast. The process of making a film involves conceptualizing, writing, and producing a story which involves casting talents, enacting the screenplay, shooting scenes, recording sound and music, editing, and screening. Nationwide Arts Bahay na Bato – It is a house that is based on the bahay kubo architecture but made with more stable and durable materials with influences from Spanish and Chinese architecture  Bahay Kubo – The epitome of Filipino vernacular architecture, it is a house usually erected with stilts and made of plant materials, such as bamboo and dried coconut leaves for roofs. Bangka – A collective term for the diverse maritime crafts across the country used for transport, fishing, and trading Harana – a traditional act of courtship in the form of a serenade Kundiman – a love song written in Tagalog used in courtship Neovernacular Architecture – Vernacular or traditional architecture combined with modern architecture (e.g. Coconut Palace, San Miguel Corporations Headquarters, Cultural Center of the Philippines) Original Pilipino Music (OPM) – songs composed by Filipino artists in different genres and styles Pasyon – A retelling of the Passion of Jesus Christ through readings, chants, performances, and narratives Senakulo – a dramatic play or reenactment of the Passion of Jesus Christ performed during the Holy Week Tanaga – poetry based on the Japanese Haiku, has 4 lines, 7 syllables for each line, and has a rhyme scheme of AABB Zarzuela – a lyric-dramatic play introduced by the Spaniards that blends theatrical drama, singing, and dancing which started as a form of propaganda against foreign rule Region 1 (Ilocos Region) Bolinao mats (Pangasinan) – Mats made from dried buri or palm leaves cut into strips and woven. Some strips are dyed to make distinct patterns and designs. Burnay (Ilocos Sur) – It is the tradition of making jars from clay kneaded by carabaos before being worked on by the potter originally used for aging vinegar, wine, and bagoong. Inabel (Ilocos) – Traditional plain or patterned weaving originated in Ilocos using cotton o Binakol – A type of abel weave that uses geometric optical patterns which are represent waves of the sea meant to ward off evil spirits Pandango Oasiwas (originated in Pangasinan) – A Spanish fandango dance performed when fishermen celebrate a day of good yield with the dancers swinging and dancing while holding lighted lamps Sayaw sa Bangko (originated in Pangasinan) – It is a folk dance in which the dancers perform their dances on top of multiple benches. Vigan architecture (Ilocos Sur) – Established in the 16th century, it is a town that has preserved Spanish Renaissance Architecture. Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) Batok (Kalinga) – The practice of tattooing by using a thorn attached to a stick and a mixture of charcoal and water. In the tribes of Kalinga, men earn tattoos to show pride and achievements, while women get it to beautify themselves and show wealth. Gangsa (Kalinga, Ifugao) - A single handheld smooth-surfaced gong with a narrow rim Ikat (Ifugao) – The technique of dyeing the cotton yarns before weaving Labba (Ifugao) – A wide basket made from bamboo used to carry produce from the fields Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (Ifugao) – Rice Terraces that are built on hills and slopes of fields of rice. These are spread across four municipalities in the Ifugao Province. Region 2 (Cagayan Valley)  Bakwat (Nueva Viscaya) – A weaved cotton belt worn by mothers after giving birth Butaka (Isabela) – A wooden chair with long “arm rests” that are actually for the legs as it was originally used by women when giving birth Sambali (Cagayan) – A war dance meant to depict the fight between Christians and Non- Christians who opposed Spanish influence performed during the Sambali Festival Vakul (Batanes) – A headgear made from dried Voyavoy leaves worn by women to provide them protection from the heat Region 3 (Central Luzon) Pabalat (Bulacan) – A kind of paper art in which intricate designs are made by cutting Japanese Paper to wrap a delicacy called pastillas Parol (Pampanga) – An ornamental, star-shaped lantern made for Christmas to symbolize the Star of Bethlehem Pyrotechnics (Bulacan) – The craft of creating fireworks Singkaban (Bulacan) – The art of producing decorative materials using bamboo Subic Spanish Gate (Zambales) – A gate built in 1885 that originally served as the entrance to the Spanish naval station and then turned into a base by the US Navy Region 4A (CALABARZON) Balsa (Batangas) – A boat made of bamboo decorated during the Balsa Festival in Batangas as recognition for its significance in transport, fishing, as well as tourism Barong Tagalog (Laguna) – Popularly known as “Barong”, it is the official formal wear of men in the country. Higantes (Rizal) – A giant paper mache meant to portray farmers mocking and protesting mean landlords when Angono was a hacienda used during the Higantes Festival Kiping (Quezon Province) – A delicacy made of glutenous rice and shaped into a leaf used in the Pahiyas Festival in Lucban, Quezon which is also made to serve as a decorative piece Maglalatik (originated in Laguna) – An indigenous dance in which the dancers tap and utilize halved coconut husks strapped onto their bodies Taka (Laguna) – The art of making paper mache crafts made using wood statues as molds Region 4B (MIMAROPA) Ambahan (Mindoro) – A poem created by the Hanunuo Mangyans that is chanted and often carved on a bamboo Morion (Marinduque) – A large mask which resembles Caucasian features used for a street play in the Moriones Festival Pandanggo sa Ilaw (originated in Mindoro) – A dance influenced by the Spanish dance, fandango, wherein the dancer must balance oil lamps on their hands and head Region 5 (Bicol Region) Pantomina (originated in Bicol) – Also known as the “dove dance”, it is a dance originally performed in weddings by the couple and their visitors. Balay (Sorsogon) – Weaved crafts made of buri, a native palm Art Forms and Practices: Visayas and Mindanao Region 6 (Western Visayas) Capiz (Capiz) – Crafts and decorations made from seashells Cariñosa (Panay Island) – A dance introduced by the Spaniards performed for flirting with the female dancer utilizing either a fan or handkerchief Dandansoy (originated in Iloilo) – A Visayan folk song about a person leaving a boy, named Dandansoy, to go back home Hablon (Iloilo) – It is the process of making fabrics using piña, abaca, or cotton in Iloilo. o Patadyong (Antique, Iloilo, Negros Occidental) – A weaved cloth that has a colorful plaid or checkered design Hinilawod (Panay Island) – A 29,000-verse epic poem about the heroes of Panay chanted for three days; Hinilawod translates to “Tales from the Mouth of the Halawod River” Pagrara (Iloilo) – A hand-woven basket made of bamboo Piña (Aklan) – The use of piña fabric, which come from mature pineapple leaves that are scraped, cleaned, and dried before being woven Sinamay (Negros Island) – A fabric woven from abaca fibers from processed abaca trees Region 7 (Central Visayas) Gapnod (Negros Oriental) – A dance reenacting the discovery of an image of St. Anthony of Padua, the patron saint of Sibulan, by a fisherman Guitar (Cebu) – A musical instrument that has 6 strings Kuradang (Bohol) – A wedding dance performed with the accompaniment of a rondalla Mazurka Boholana (Bohol) – A Spanish-inspired ballroom dance where the female character wears a Maria Clara Sinulog (Cebu) – A dance that represents the “sulog” (current) of a river in Cebu performed during the Sinulog Festival Surtido Cebuano (Cebu) – A square dance performed by several pairs that combines influences of Spanish, Mexican, French, as well as indigenous elements together Region 8 (Eastern Visayas) Basey mats (Samar) – Basey, Samar is renowned for its woven sleeping mats, locally known as banig Kuratsa (originated in Leyte) – A courtship dance performed during fiestas, family gatherings, as well as weddings Tinikling (originated in Leyte) – A dance which involves two people beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other in coordination with one or more dancers Region 9 (Zamboanga Peninsula) Bunga Sama – The highest form of Yakan weaving that has patterns that represent the universe Gong – A percussion musical instrument that is usually made of metal Semmek – The collective term for dresses made by the Yakan women using abaca, pineapple, and bamboo Tanyak Tanyak – A custom of face painting by the use of a mixture of flour and water done in wedding ceremonies Region 10 (Northern Mindanao)  Kudyapi – An instrument that looks like a boat and has two strings Hinabol (Bukidnon) – A hand-woven fabric made by the ethnic Higaonon tribe Idangdang (Bukidnon) – A ballad song that is about recalling historical events Panika (Bukidnon) – A headdress worn during festivities made of native materials Region 11 (Davao Region) Dagmay – A weaved fabric made by the Mandaya tribe that is usually used by women as a skirt, as well as blankets or wraps for the dead Bagobo Inabal – A traditional textile made from abaca with a special weave worn only by women and has a shine from the beeswax applied during the weaving process Region 12 (SOCCSKSARGEN) Ginakit (Sarangani) – Brightly colored boats used by Muslim royals and high-ranking people in Mindanao during the pre-colonial and Spanish periods, and now showcased in the Pakaradyan Festival Tabih (General Santos City, Sarangani, South Cotabato) – A hand-woven cloth made by the B’laan people T’nalak (South Cotabato) – Made by the T’boli people, it is a method of weaving abaca inspired by the weaver’s dreams. Region 13 (Caraga) Butuan boats (Agusan del Norte) – An edged-pegged plank type boat made from hardwood Itik-Itik (originated in Surigao del Sur) – A dance in which the steps mimic the gestures of a duck Suyam (Agusan del Sur) – A kind of embroidery made by the Manobo people Bangsamoro Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (BARMM) Malong (Sulu, all over Mindanao) – A large, wrap-around skirt which displays the okir design Okir (Tawi-Tawi) – A distinct geometric and flowing plant design and folk motifs found among the Moro and Lumad people Pis Syabit (Sulu) – A headdress worn by men to represent one’s rank in society Seputangan (Basilan) – A woven fabric, considered to be one of the earliest weaving techniques, worn by the Yakan women Singkil (Lanao del Sur) – A folk dance which depicts the epic poem, Darangen Sarimanok (Lanao del Sur) – The symbol of Maranao art which depicts a legendary, colorful bird that symbolizes good fortune. THE SIX (6) Elements of Visual Arts Line is a stroke or mark that can be straight, curved, thick, or thin. It is utilized to suggest movement, emotions, depth, distance, and rhythm. A shape is a space enclosed by lines that can dictate the point of view of the viewer or audience called, perspective, and present different emotions and actions. Form pertains to a three-dimensional shape or any shape that has length, width, and depth that help create the illusion of a three-dimensional design in a two-dimensional plane.  Color refers to the product when light hits an object then reflected to the eyes. Value is how light (tint) and dark (shade) a color is. It creates the mood of an artwork. Space is the area surrounding, between, and within an object; can either be positive (object or foreground) or negative (background). It helps illustrate distance and the relationship of the foreground and background. Texture pertains to the visual perception of the surface of any object using the other elements of art to contribute to realism. Elements of Music Rhythm is the flow or movement of music through time. Tempo pertains to speed, while beat refers to the steady and regular pulse heard in music. Dynamics refers to the softness and loudness of music. It dictates the mood of a piece through volume and intensity. Timbre, also known as “tone color”, is the unique quality of sound. Melody pertains to a series of notes together (tune) and the most memorable part of the musical piece. Harmony is the sound of two or more notes heard at the same time to make music sound cohesive. Texture is the layers of musical sounds. It has three kinds: o Monophonic pertains to a piece that has a single melody and has no harmony. o Homophonic refers to a piece that has melody and harmony. o Polyphonic refers to playing various melodies at once Five (5) Elements of Dance can be remembered through the abbreviation “BASTE”. Body refers to what is being used to perform – the parts, shapes, and figures made by the body and their relationship with the other elements. Action pertains to the movements that the dancer performs, which includes the dance steps, facial expressions, and gestures. It is divided into two: locomotor, which moves the body from one location to the other, and non-locomotor movements, which do not cause the body to move to another space. Space is the relationship of the dancer to another dancer and the area where the dance occurs. The space can be analyzed through the place where the dancer is, whether they are dancing on a spot (personal space) or through the space (general space) Time is the rhythm, metered or free, in dance. Time is divided into three kinds: clock time, sensed time, and event-sequence. Lastly, energy is how dance movements happen. This helps convey the emotion of the routine. The 5 Elements of Photography 1. Light is the most fundamental element of photography. Without light, there would be nothing to show in a photograph. It helps set the mood or atmosphere of the photo and bring emphasis to a subject. 2. Color is the main element that dictates the emotional impact or message of a photo. For instance, it can make one photo look bright and cheerful, but when the colors are changed, it also changes in the look and feel. 3. Composition is what is included in the frame. It helps grab the viewer’s attention and interest. Additionally, composition can change the narrative of a photograph. It also helps in giving emphasis on a part of the image. However, one must be careful as a photo can easily look chaotic when more objects are in frame.  4. Distance is how near or far the photographer is in relation to the subject. It influences the feeling and impact of the image. In some cases, photographs are more powerful when they are shot closer. 5. Lastly, moment is when all the elements come together in narrating a story in the photograph, which will then help create a special image. The Elements of Film The plot is the sequence of events and story of the film. It can be presented in three ways: linear, non-linear, and parallel. Characters are the people or personalities in the film. The point of view, also referred to as perspective, is how a character or narrator tells the story. There are three types of point of view: first person, second person, and third person. The theme is the main idea, subject, or message of the film. The screenplay is the text of what characters will do, how they will express their actions, as well as their dialogue. The setting is the time and place the story occurs. Sound includes all dialogues and music. Cinematography is how the film is done and told visually. The 9 Elements of Theater 1. Plot is the arrangement or sequence of events on the stage. It has five stages, namely, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement. Exposition is where the story begins and where the main characters, story, and setting are introduced. Rising action is the part wherein the conflict of the story is made known. Climax is where the major events of the story happens. It is the peak of the story. Falling action is where the main conflict is resolved. Lastly, the denouement is the final part of the plot and where everything is explained and resolved. 2. The conflict is the problem of the story. It can either be internal, which happens within the main character, or external, which are forces out of the character’s control. There are 3 common types of conflict: Character vs. self is an internal conflict within the character. It could be about their psychological or physical health, or even about their morals and beliefs. Character vs. character is about the main character (protagonist) who faces against another character or a villain (antagonist) Character vs. nature is a conflict about natural forces, such as natural disasters, the weather, or animals. 3. The performers are people that act out the characters and events of the story and provide the vehicle for the conflict. They are not only actors, but also singers and dancers. 4. The theme is the main idea and the reason why the play was written. Examples of themes in theater are comedy, tragedy, drama, rags to riches, overcoming obstacles, romance, love, social realism, and revenge. 5. Language and diction are the dialogue and expression of the performers through words. 6. Sound is everything that is heard in the play, including voices, incidental songs, background music, and instruments. 7. Spectacle is every visual element of theater, such as the set, costume, lighting, makeup, and props. 8. The playwright, also known as dramatist, is a person who writes plays. 9. Lastly, theater space is where the play occurs. 8 National Artists for Visual Arts 1. Fernando Amorsolo (1972) is the first National Artist of the Philippines with the official title, “The Grand Old Man of Philippine Arts”. He helped develop Philippine Art through his paintings of rural landscapes and portraits. His famous works include “El Ciego”, “Planting Rice”, and “Defence of a Filipina Woman’s Honour”. 2. Carlos “Botong” Francisco (1973) is credited to have single-handedly revived the dying art of mural painting. His famous works include “Progress of Medicine in the Philippines”, “Filipino Struggles Through History”, “The Martyrdom of Rizal”, and “Blood Compact”. 3. Guillermo Tolentino (1973) is renowned as the “Father of Philippine Arts”. He is known for his classical style sculptures and busts of famous people. His famous works include the original University of the Philippines Oblation, The Bonifacio Monument in Caloocan, and the seal of the Republic of the Philippines. 4. Napoleon Abueva (1976) is known as the “Father of Modern Philippine Sculpture”. He is the youngest to be bestowed with the award at age 46. Abueva’s famous works include the Nine Muses of Arts in UP Diliman, The Transfiguration at the Eternal Garden Memorial Park, and the Sunburst at the Peninsula Manila Hotel. 5. Victorio Edades (1976) is the “Father of Modern Philippine Painting” because he introduced the Modern Art movement in the country during the time that Amorsolo’s style of works were dominating the Philippine Art scene. Edades’ famous works are “The Sketch”, “The Artist and Model”, and “Japanese Girl”. 6. Jose Joya (2003) was the figure who pioneered the start and progress of abstract expressionism in the country. His works were inspired by the hues of the Philippine landscape, which ranged from multiple mediums of art, such as paintings, prints, ceramics, and graphic arts. His works include the “Granadean Arabesque”, “Hills of Nikko”, and “Naiad”. 7. Abdulmari Imao (2006) is the first Muslim National Artist and known as a patron of Muslim art and culture because of his works in multiple mediums, such as paintings, sculptures, photos, film, and ceramics. He has multiple sculptures and paintings of sarimanok and his other works include “Sulu Warriors” in Sulu, “Industry Brass Mural”, and “Mural Relief on Filmmaking”. 8. Francisco Coching (2014) is acclaimed as the “King of Komiks” and acknowledged as the “Dean of Filipino Illustrators”. He was one of the pillars in Philippine comics especially during the golden age of comics in the 1950’s and 1960’s. All his comics, except for 3, were adapted into films. His works include “Pedro Penduko”, “Satur”, and “Hagibis”. 7 National Artists for Architecture and Allied Arts Juan F. Nakpil (1973) is acknowledged as the “Father of Philippine Architecture”. He is lauded for reflecting the Philippine traditions and cultures in his works, which includes the University of the Philippines Administration Building (Quezon Hall) and Library (Gonzalez Hall), the reconstruction of both the Quiapo Church in 1933 and the Rizal House in Calamba, Laguna.  Pablo Antonio (1976) was a pioneer of Modern Architecture in the country; hence he is hailed as the “Father of Modern Philippine Architecture”. His works are defined by their simplicity, as he believed that structures must be functional first, before form. His works include 5 buildings in Far Eastern University Manila, the White Cross Orphanage in San Juan City, and the Manila Polo Club in Makati City. Leandro Locsin (1990) is well-known for reshaping the urban landscape of the Philippines with his works such as the Cultural Center of the Philippines and the NAIA Terminal 1. He is also recognized internationally because of his design of the Istana Nurul Iman, the official residence of the Sultan of Brunei, which is distinguished by the Guinness Book of World Records as the largest residence in the world. Ildefonso Santos Jr. (2006) is acclaimed as the “Father of Philippine Landscape Architecture” and the pioneer of the practice, with decades of works, such as parks and plazas. His most famous works include Paco Park, Tagaytay Highland Resorts, Bantayog ng mga Bayani, Rizal Park, and multiple Loyola Memorial Parks. Jose Maria Zaragoza (2014) was known as “The Modern Ecclesiastical Architect” after having designed over 45 churches and religious structures. In 1992, he was honored by Pope John Paul II with the title “Gentiluomo di Sua Santita” for his contributions to the Catholic Church. His works include the Meralco Building in Pasig City, the Santo Domingo Church and Pink Sisters Convent both in Quezon City, as well as the Metropolitan Cathedral of Cebu City. Francisco Mañosa (2018) pioneered the neo-vernacular style of architecture which combines traditional Filipino design and modern architecture. This style is present in his works such as the Coconut Palace, San Miguel Corporations Headquarters in Mandaluyong (based on the Rice Terraces of the Cordilleras), and EDSA Shrine. Ramon Valera (2006) is known as the “Dean of Philippine Fashion” and the only National Artist in Allied Arts. His biggest influence in the art is the one-piece terno, in which he combined the 4 pieces which comprise the baro’t saya. 8 National Artist for Literature Amado Hernandez (1973) believed that the purpose of a writer is to represent the society’s conscience and spirit in times of oppression. His most distinguished work, “Mga Ibong Mandaragit”, was written while he was in prison during the 1950’s to expose the nation’s problems. Nick Joaquin (1976) is regarded as one of the most influential Filipino writers in English because of his works that portray aspects of Filipinos. He has written novels, poems, plays, short stories, and essays, and served as a journalist under the penname “Quijano de Manila”. His works include “A Portrait of an Artist as Filipino”, “The Woman Who Had Two Navels”, and “May Day Eve”. Carlos P. Romulo (1982) served as a writer, journalist, educator, soldier, diplomat, as well as the President of the University of the Philippines and the first Asian President of the United Nations General Assembly. He won a Pulitzer Prize in Journalism in for his articles predicting the Second World War. His works include his autobiography, “I Walked with Heroes”, “The United”, and “I Saw the Fall of the Philippines”. Rolando Tinio (1997) was a playwright, thespian, poet, teacher, critic, translator, stage director, thus named as a National Artist for Literature and Theater. He revived zarzwela and introduced contemporary western drama in the country. His works include "Larawan”, “Sitsit sa Kuliglig”, and “Milagros”. Carlos Quirino (1997) is the only National Artist for Historical Literature. His works include the first biography of Jose Rizal, “The Great Malayan”, and Philippine history and culture books, such as “Maps and Views of Old Manila”, as well as biographies of several Philippine presidents. Lazaro Francisco (2009) is reputed as the “Master of the Tagalog Novel” for representing the common Filipino, writing about the oppressed, and forming the Filipino nationalism which  developed the culture of social realism in literature. “Maganda pa ang Daigdig”, “Daluyong”, and “Ang Pamana ng Pulubi” are among his works. Resil Mojares (2018) wrote books on Philippine history and known for his contributions to Visayan Literature, pioneering the Cebuano identity who served as the founding director of the research institution, Cebuano Studies Center. His notable works include “Waiting for Mariang Makiling: Essays on Philippine Cultural History” and "The War Against the Americans: Resistance and Collaboration in Cebu". Ramon Muzones (2018) is hailed as the “Greatest Ilonggo Writer of the Century” because of his contributions to Hiligaynon literature, with his poems, essays, short stories, critiques, and 61 completed novels. These include the first feminist Hiligaynon work, “Bag-ong Maria Clara”, and the longest serialized novel, “Dama de Noche” with over 125 installments for over 2 years. 8 National Artist for Music Antonio Molina (1973) contributed to the development of Filipino music beyond the genre of folk, thus acclaimed as the “Dean of Filipino Composers”. "Misa Antoniana Grand Festival Mass", "Hatinggabi", and "Awit ni Maria Clara" are among his notable works. Jovita Fuentes (1976) helped in making a statement with her role as Cio-cio in Giacomo Puccini’s “Madame Butterfly” in the world of European opera at the time when the Philippines was relatively unknown. Her other notable roles include her portrayal of Liu Yu in “Turandot” and Mimi in “La Boheme”. Honorata “Atang” Dela Rama (1987) is a National Artist for both Music and Theater. Hailed as the “Queen of Kundiman”, she fought for the dominance of kundiman along with sarsuela during the American occupation. She popularized kundiman songs such as “Pakiusap” and “Mutya ng Pasig” and performed in sarsuelas like “Dalagang Bukid” and “Pangarap ni Rosa”. Lucio San Pedro (1991) believed in the philosophy “creative nationalism” in his works like “Lahing Kayumanggi” which incorporated elements of folk music to exhibit the Filipino heritage. His compositions include “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan” and “Angononian March”. Felipe de Leon (1997) was a classical music composer, conductor, and scholar. He is known as “The People’s Musician” for his music that expressed the sentiments and aspirations of Filipinos. His works include “Ako’y Pilipino”, "Payapang Daigdig", and "Lupang Tinubuan". Levi Celerio (1997) was credited for writing more than 4,000 songs, for that, he was honored as a National Artist for Music and Literature. He also became known for playing music using a leaf. Among his works include writing the lyrics for “Sa Ugoy ng Duyan”, “Maligayang Pasko at Manigong Bagong Taon” (popularly known as “Ang Pasko ay Sumapit”), and “Ikaw”. Andrea Veneracion (1999) was a choirmaster and choir arranger who founded the Philippine Madrigal Singers who have won multiple competitions nationally and internationally, thus prompted the progress of Philippine choral music. Ryan Cayabyab (2018) or Mr. C is regarded for his music in various styles and extensive genres, such as opera, concertos, symphonies, religious, folk, and OPM. He also composes for theater, dance, and films, which include songs such as “Da Coconut Nut”, “Tuwing Umuulan at Kapiling Ka”, and “Paraiso”. 4 National Artist for Dance 1. Francisca Aquino (1973) is recognized as the “Mother of Philippine Dancing” and “The Folk Dance Pioneer” as she was credited to have preserved numerous Philippine cultural traditions with her life- long dedication to research, for which she travelled all over the country for. She preserved dances, such as “Tinikling”, “Pandanggo sa Ilaw”, and “Cariñosa”, through research, writing books, and teaching. 2. Leonor Goquingco (1975) produced original choreographies of native folk dance that depict the country’s culture from pre-colonial times until the modern times for over 50 years, thus she is  regarded as the “Trailblazer”. She is also a founding member of the Philippine Ballet Theater for which she was honored as the “Mother of Philippine Theater Dance” and the “Dean of Filipino Performing Arts Critics”. 3. Lucrecia Urtula (1988) was one of the founders of The Bayanihan Dance Company, with which she staged their signature dance “Singkil”. Her career in committing to the discovery and study of Philippine folk and ethnic dances spans almost four decades, which includes staging dances such as “Vinta”, “Tagabili”, and “Pagdiwata”. 4. Alice Reyes (2014) is known to have introduced and developed contemporary dances in the Philippines as she choreographed, taught, and directed dance concerts across the country. In 1969, she started the CCP Dance Workshop Company, which later became known as Ballet Philippines. National Artists for Film and Broadcast Arts o Lamberto Avellana (1976) is a National Artist for Film and Theater. He is called “The Boy Wonder of Philippine Movies” due to the success of his first film, “Sakay”. o Gerardo de Leon (1982) is the most awarded film director in the history of the Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS) Awards with 7 wins. o Ishmael Bernal (2001) was a director known for his social realistic films depicting the struggles of Filipinos, with critics giving him the title “The Genius of Philippine Cinema”. o Ronald Allan Poe (2006), or Fernando Poe Jr., was an actor, director, writer, and producer known for his action films that portray the poor and oppressed, hence earned him the title “The King of Philippine Movies” and the nickname “Da King”. o Kidlat Tahimik (2018) is credited to have founded this movement as the Philippine New Wave Cinema and hailed by critics and peers as the “Father of Philippine Independent Cinema”. National Artists for Theater o Daisy Avellana (1997), known as the “First Lady of Philippine Theater”, was an actress, director, producer, and writer who co-founded the Barangay Theater Guild. o Salvador Bernal (2003) is the only National Artist for Theater Design and hailed as the “Father of Philippine Theater Design”. o Amelia Lapeña-Bonifacio (2018) is renowned as “The Grande Dame of Southeast Asian Children’s Theater” for her art of integrating theater, folklore, children’s literature, and puppetry. The National Living Treasures, also known as the Gawad sa Manlilikha ng Bayan, is an award bestowed upon Filipino artists who helped preserve and promote indigenous crafts and practices that are uniquely Filipino, formalized through R.A. No. 7355 in 1992. The categories of traditional folk arts included in the GaMaBa are folk architecture, maritime transport, weaving, carving, performing arts, literature, graphic and plastic arts, ornament, textile or fiber art, pottery, and other artistic expressions of traditional culture. 8 National Living Treasures Ginaw Bilog was a Manlilikha ng Bayan for Folk Literature known to have preserved the art of Ambahan who hails from Mansalay, Mindoro. Masino Intaray, who hails from Brookes Point, Palawan, was a revered performing artist in music and storytelling through Kulilal and Bagit. Samaon Sulaiman was a performing artist from Mamasapano, Maguindanao who is renowned for his mastery of the Kudyapi.  Lang Dulay was a T’boli textile weaver from Lake Sebu, South Cotabato revered for her proficiency in T’nalak. Salinta Monon was one of the last practitioners of the Bagobo Inabal weave in their community in Bansalan, Davao del Sur, Alonzo Saclag is Manlilikha ng Bayan for Performing Arts recognized for his talent in playing different musical instruments from Kalinga, such as the gangsa. Federico Caballero is an epic chanter known to have preserved the oral literature of the Panay- Bukidnon people from the Central Panay mountains in Panay Island. Uwang Ahadas is a Yakan musician from Lamitan, Basilan who is proficient in several Yakan musical instruments, especially the kwintangan. Darhata Sawabi (2004) was an expert in Pis Syabit textile weaving from the island of Jolo, Sulu. She was revered by her people and fellow weavers for her commitment in weaving traditional designs with bold and contrasting colors. Those traditional designs spanning many generations are now preserved because of her. Sawabi brought in numerous apprentices and taught her fellow Tausugs until the end of her life. Eduardo Mutuc (2004) is a Manlilikha ng Bayan from Apalit, Pampanga known for his commitment to the art of pinukpuk or metalcrafts. His works can mostly be found in churches and cathedrals, as he devoted his life in creating ecclesiastical art made of metal and wood. Haja Amina Appi (2004) was a master mat weaver from Tandubas, Tawi-Tawi. She was recognized for her geometric designs that were both traditional and modern. In weaving, numerous calculations were required in achieving symmetrical and precise designs, Appi, however, does not use any mathematical formula, instead uses her experience and memory to achieve the complicated designs she is known for. Her art was passed down to her descendants before she passed in 2013. Teofilo Garcia (2012) is an awardee from San Quintin, Abra renowned for his Tabungaw (“upo” in Tagalog, “bottle gourd” or “white pumpkin” in English) hats, as well as one of the last practitioners of the art. He has preserved the art of making Tabungaw hats through seminars and workshops, as well as teaching children in school, and even opening his home to see his creations. Moreover, Garcia travels abroad to conduct talks and demonstrations. Magdalena Gamayo (2012), who hails from Pinili, Ilocos Norte, is a Manlilikha ng Bayan for Weaving, specifically her mastery in inabel. Despite her age (96), she still produces complex designs and assures that she arranges the threads on the loom, every thread is evenly spaced, and no mistakes are made, as even small ones will ruin the pattern. Gamayo opened the “House of Inabel” in the town of Pinili to preserve the art of inabel. Ambalang Ausalin (2016) is a Yakan master weaver known to have upheld the art of tennun, a colorful tapestry weave unique to the Yakan people, seputangan and bunga sama. She is also regarded one of the most respected weavers in Lamitan City, Basilan because of her extensive knowledge in textile weaving, craftsmanship, and intricate designs that are significant and unique to the Yakan culture. Her crafts are especially significant to the culture of the Yakan people because they represent their identity as a tribe. Estelita Bantilan (2016) is a master weaver from Malapatan, Sarangani known for protecting and promoting the art of igem, a type of mat weaving made from pandan practiced by the B’laan people. In 2016, along with the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, she opened the Manlilikha ng Bayan Center in Malapatan to teach, preserve, and showcase the B’laan art of weaving. Yabing Masalon Dulo (2016) is a master tabih weaver and ikat dyer from Polomok, South Cotabato. She started her work as a mentor in the nearby village of Lamlifew, Malungon, Sarangan, then began traveling in several regions of the country, including NCR, to conduct seminars and workshops about her craft.