Cell Biology Study Guide PDF

**Cells** Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Cell Structure]** 1. List the three statements of the cell theory. every organism is composed of one or more cells. cell is the smallest unit having properties of life all cells come from preexisting cells 2. Nam...

**Cells** Name: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ **[Cell Structure]** 1. List the three statements of the cell theory. every organism is composed of one or more cells. cell is the smallest unit having properties of life all cells come from preexisting cells 2. Name the three parts that all cells have. 3. What are the two basic kinds of cells? a. b. c. d. 4. Cells need to have a large surface area compared to their volume. They 5. cell membranes enclose cells and organelles and are composed of a phospholipid bilayer. 6. Name 2 general kinds of microscopes (as listed in lecture): electron and compound light 7. Name the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic cell: plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm 8. Name the three structures that make up the plasma membrane: Phospholipid Bilayer, Integral Membrane Proteins, Glycocalyx and Cholesterol. 9. Fill in the chart regarding the structures of the eukaryotic cell Organelle Function ------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- plasma membrane Separates the cell from its surrounding environment flagella Movement of sperms nuclear envolope Large membrane-bound structure near the center of the cell cytoskeleton Maintains cell shape and allows the cell and its content to move nucleolus Site where ribosome subunits are formed from rRNA and protein cilia Movement of materials outside the cell; sensory function ribosomes Protein synthesis rough er ER that processes proteins smooth er ER that synthesizes phospholipids and carbohydrates golgi apparatus Processes, packages, and secretes proteins and other substances lysosomes Vesicles that contain digestive enzymes; the cell's digestive system peroxisomes Vesicles containing enzymes that detoxifies drugs, alcohol, and other toxins vesicles Membranous sacs used for storage mitochondria Site of ATP production proteasomes Breaks down misfolded or abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell microvilli Lines intestines and other areas where absorption is important; increases surface area 10. Name the three protein structures that make up the cytoskeleton. 11. What structures identify the general location of the centrosome? 12. Name three kinds of cell connections: desmosomes, gap junction, tight junction e. f. g. 13. Define diffusion: 14. Name three kinds of diffusion. simple diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion. 15. Describe and name substances that can move across the membrane via simple diffusion. 16. Describe and name substances that can NOT move across the membrane via simple diffusion. 17. What helps move substances in facilitated diffusion? 18. Define osmosis: diffusion of water across a plasma membrane 19. Define solvent: a substance that can dissolve another substance h. 20. Define solute:dissolved substances 21. Define tonicity:concentration of solutes in solvent 22. Define isotonic solution:when two fluids have the same percent tonicity 23. Define hypotonic solution: fewer particles dissolved in a solution, swells as water flows into them. 24. Define hypertonic solution: more particles dissolved in a solution, shrivel as water flows out. 25. What are two ways that membrane pumps are different than diffusion? 26. Define endocytosis: plasma membrane envelopes a substance i. j. 27. Define exocytosis: intracellular vesucle fuses with the plasma membrane as material inside the cell is moved outside the cell. 28. How do substances move across cells without using energy? passive transport 29. What is the cells energy source? atp 30. Define cellular respiration: breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide, water, energy 31. What is the equation for cellular respiration? 32. In what organelle does cellular respiration take place? k. l. m. n. o. p. 33. DNA serves as a template for RNA formation and protein construction. 34. What are the two steps involved in protein synthesis? transcription and translation 35. What organelle is the location of proteins synthesis? ribosome 36. Define transcription: genetic information copied from dna into messenger rna 37. Define translation: nucleotide sequence converted into amino acid sequence 38. Name the three kinds of RNA: Trna, Rrna, Mrna 39. Name the three parts of the cell cycle: Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis 40. Name the three parts of interphase: cell growth, DNA copied, growth and preparation for mitosis 41. Name the four phases of mitosis: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase q. r. s. t. u. v. 42. Define cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm 43. When does DNA replication occur? during the s phase 44. Why does DNA replicate occur? To make 2 exact copies.