2024 Human Anatomy and Dissection Day 8 PDF

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Summary

This document is a handout from a 2024 human anatomy and dissection class. It covers the axillary region, upper arm, brachial plexus, and related structures. It includes diagrams and descriptions supporting the learning content.

Full Transcript

2024 Human Anatomy and Dissection : Day 8 Axillary region and upper arm (Anterior: Flexors) えきか じょうわん 腋窩と上腕 ぜんめん くっきん (前面:屈筋) Goals of this lesson Students must understand and be able to describe:...

2024 Human Anatomy and Dissection : Day 8 Axillary region and upper arm (Anterior: Flexors) えきか じょうわん 腋窩と上腕 ぜんめん くっきん (前面:屈筋) Goals of this lesson Students must understand and be able to describe: 1. The structure and branches of the brachial plexus. わん しんけい そう こうぞう えだ (腕神経叢の構造と枝) 2. The structure of the axilla. えきか (腋窩の構造) 3. The structure and branches of the axillary artery and the brachial artery. In addition, the structure of the veins. どうみゃく じょうみゃく じょうわん じょうし ひ (腋窩動脈・静脈/上腕動脈・静脈の構造と枝、上肢の皮静脈) 4. The structure and the nerve innervation of the flexor muscles of the upper arm. くっきん ぐん しはい (上腕屈筋群の筋と支配神経) Reference “Osteology" Upper limb Shoulder girdle 上肢帯(じょうし たい) Clavicle 鎖骨(さ こつ) + Scapula 肩甲骨(けんこう ーー) Free part of the upper limb 自由上肢(じゆう じょうし) 1. Upper arm 上腕(じょうわん) - Humerus 上腕骨(じょうわん --) 2. Forearm 前腕 (ぜんわん) - Radius 橈骨(とう --) - Ulna 尺骨(しゃっ --) 3. Hand 手(て) - Carpal bones 手根骨(しゅこん --) 8 - Metacarpals 中手骨(ちゅうしゅ --) 5 - Phalanges 指骨(し --) 14 Brachial plexus わん しんけい そう 腕神経叢 Brachial plexus(腕神経叢) C1-C4 Cervical Brachial plexus is a nerve plexus partly in the neck and plexus (頚神経叢) partly in the axilla, originating from the anterior rami of C5 – C8 and Th1 spinal nerves(脊髄神経:せきずい しんけい). C5-Th1 Brachial Proximal parts of the brachial plexus are posterior to plexus the subclavian artery in the neck, while more distal (腕神経叢) regions of the plexus surround the axillary artery and run anterior to the axillary artery(腋窩動脈:えきか どうみゃく). Gray's Anatomy, Forty Second edition Roots The parts of the brachial plexus, (根:こん): 5 from medial to lateral, are Trunks (幹:かん): 3 Roots(根:こん): 5 Divisions Trunks(幹:かん): 3 (Sup., Mid., Inf.) (部:ぶ): 6 Cords Divisions(部:ぶ): 6 (Ant., Post.) (束:そく): 3 Cords(束:そく): 3 (Lat., Med., Post.) * All major nerves that innervate the upper limb originate mostly from the cords. Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition Roots of the brachial plexus give rise to Roots the dorsal scapular nerve(肩甲背神経:けんこうはい しんけい) and (根:こん): 5 long thoracic nerve(長胸神経:ちょうきょう --). Dorsal scapular n. = Levator scapulae (肩甲挙筋:けんこう きょ きん) Rhomboid Major/ Rhomboid Minor (大菱形筋/小菱形筋:だい/しょう りょうけい --) Long thoracic n. = Serratus anterior (前鋸筋:ぜんきょ --) Gray's Anatomy for Students, Levator scapulae m. Fourth Edition Rhomboid Major/Minor m. Serratus anterior m. Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition The only branches from the trunks of the brachial plexus Trunks are two nerves that originate from (幹:かん): 3 the superior trunk (upper trunk): the suprascapular nerve(肩甲上神経:けんこうじょう しんけい)and the subclavius nerve(鎖骨下神経:けんこう か --). * Superior trunk (上神経幹:じょう しんけい かん) Middle trunk(中神経幹:ちゅう -- --) Inferior trunk(下神経幹:か -- --) Suprascapular n. = Supraspinatus (棘上筋:きょくじょう きん) Gray's Anatomy Infraspinatus for Students, (棘上筋:きょくか --) Fourth Edition Supraspinatus m. Infraspinatus m. Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition No branches from divisions!! Divisions (部:ぶ): 6 Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition Cords:Small branches Lateral cord:外側神経束 (1) Lateral pectoral nerve (外側胸筋神経:がいそく きょうきん しんけい) Posterior cord :後神経束(3) Cords Subscapular nerve(上・下肩甲下神経:けんこう か --)(束:そく): 3 Thoracodorsal nerve(胸背神経:きょうはい --) Medial cord:内側神経束 (3) Medial pectoral nerve (内側胸筋神経:ないそく きょうきん --) Medial cutaneous nerve of arm (内側上腕皮神経:ないそく じょうわん ひ -- ) Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm (内側前腕皮神経:ないそく ぜんわん ひ -- ) * Lateral/Medial pectoral n. = pectoralis major/minor Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: (大胸筋/小胸筋:だい/しょうきょう --) Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition Subscapular n. = Subscapularis (肩甲下筋:けんこうか --), Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Teres major (大円筋:だいえん --) Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition Thoracodorsal n. = Latissimus dorsi (広背筋:こうはい --) Major branches of the brachial plexus There are 5 major branches from the brachial plexus, which are Musculocutaneous n., Median n., Ulnar n. (3 anterior) and Radial n., Axillary n. (2 posterior). Lateral cord Musculocutaneous nerve (筋皮神経:きんぴ しんけい) Median nerve (lateral root) (正中神経:せいちゅう --) Posterior cord Radial nerve (橈骨神経:とうこつ --) Axillary nerve (腋窩神経:えきか --) Medial cord Median nerve (medial root) Ulnar nerve (尺骨神経:しゃくこつ --) Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition In the anterior part of the arm: Musculocutaneous n. * Function in arm is motor Median n. * No function/branch in arm Ulnar n. * No function/branch in arm Medial cutaneous n. of arm * Function in arm is sensory Medial cutaneous n. of forearm * No function/ branch in arm runs medially to the humerus. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fifth Edition Axilla えき か 腋窩 Axilla(腋窩) Axilla is the space between the neck and the arm, which forms gateway to the upper limb. Axilla is the pyramidal shape which has 4 walls (anterior, lateral, posterior, medial) with base and apex. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fifth Edition Anterior wall: Pectoralis major (大胸筋:だいきょう きん) Clavicular part of Pectoralis major Sternocostal part of -- Abdominal part of -- (underlying pectoralis minor) Subclavius (鎖骨下筋:さ こつ か - -) Clavipectoral fascia (鎖骨胸筋膜:さこつ きょうきん まく) Gray's Atlas of Anatomy, Third Edition Lateral wall: Humerus(上腕骨:じょうわんこつ) Posterior wall: Subscapularis(肩甲下筋:けんこう か きん) Latissimus dorsi(広背筋:こうはい --) Teres major (大円筋:だいえん --) Long head of the triceps brachii (上腕三頭筋長頭:じょうわん さんとうきん ちょうとう) Medial wall: Upper thoracic wall Serratus anterior (前鋸筋:ぜんきょ --) Base Fascia Gray's Atlas of Anatomy, Third Edition Contents of the axilla(腋窩の内容物) Contents of the axilla are the major vessels (Axillary AV), nerves (Brachial plexus), lymphatics of the upper limb, and collections of lymph nodes (リンパ節:りんぱ せつ). *Breast cancer most likely metastasize to axillary nodes. Therefore, axillary nodes are the sentinel lymph node of the breast cancer. The space also contains proximal parts of the biceps brachii (上腕二頭筋:じょうわん にとう きん) and coracobrachialis(烏口腕筋:うこうわん --) which embedded in the rich adipose tissue(脂肪組織:しぼう そしき). Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition Axillary artery えきか どうみゃく (腋窩動脈) Axillary artery(腋窩動脈) Axillary artery is changed from the subclavian artery at the lateral margin of 1st rib and passes through the axilla, becoming the brachial artery (上腕動脈:じょうわん どうみゃく) at the inferior margin of the teres major(大円筋:だいえん --).. The axillary artery is separated into 3 parts 1 st part: Proximal to the pectoralis minor. 2 nd part: Posterior to the pectoralis minor. 3 rd part: Distal to the pectoralis minor. Gray's Anatomy, Forty Second edition 1 st part: Proximal to the pectoralis minor. 1 artery Superior(Highest)thoracic artery (最上胸動脈:さいじょうきょう どうみゃく) 2 nd part: Posterior to the pectoralis minor. 2 artery Thoracoacromial a. (胸肩峰動脈:きょう けんぽう --) Lateral thoracic a. (外側胸動脈:がいそくきょう --) *Parallel with long thoracic nerve 3 rd part: Distal to the pectoralis minor. 3 artery Subscapular a. Gray's Anatomy, Forty Second edition (肩甲下動脈:けんこう か --) Anterior circumflex humeral a. (前上腕回旋動脈:ぜんじょうわん --) Posterior circumflex humeral a. (後上腕回旋動脈:こうじょうわん --) Brachial artery じょうわん どうみゃく (上腕動脈) Brachial artery(上腕動脈) Brachial artery is the major blood vessel of the arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery beyond the lower margin of teres major(大円筋:だいえん--), and continues down the medial part of the arm until it reaches the cubital fossa. It then divides into the radial artery(橈骨動脈) and ulnar artery(尺骨動脈). Branches: Profunda brachii artery(= Deep brachial artery) (上腕深動脈:じょうわん しん どうみゃく) Superior ulnar collateral artery (上尺側側副動脈:じょう しゃくそく そくふく --) Inferior ulnar collateral artery (下尺側側副動脈:か しゃくそく そくふく --) * It also gives rise to important anastomotic networks of the elbow. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fifth Edition Veins in the arm じょうわん じょうみゃく (上腕静脈) Vein(静脈) Vein can be divided into the surface (cutaneous) vein(皮静脈:ひ じょうみゃく) and the deep vein (深部静脈:しんぶ --). Cutaneous vein do not run parallel with large arteries or motor neurons. Therefore, it is often used for the intravenous insertion(静脈注射:じょうみゃく ちゅうしゃ ). Deep vein form triad with major arteries and nerves. Sometimes there are 2 veins surround the artery, even they have only one name. *When inserting the needle, you must be careful with Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fifth Edition major arteries and/or nerves. Refernce “Clinical tips” Peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) まっしょう そうにゅうしき ちゅうしん じょうみゃく 末梢 挿入式 中心 静脈 カテーテル Peripherally inserted central catheter is alternative line of the central venous catheters (CVC、中心静脈カテーテル:ちゅうしん じょうみゃく カテーテル), which is a catheter placed into a large vein to administer medication or fluids that are unable to be taken by mouth or would harm a smaller peripheral vein. Subclavian and jugular line placements may PICCとは result in pneumothorax, while PICC lines 末梢挿入型中心静脈カテーテルPICCとは、 have no such issue because of the method of 肘の静脈(尺側皮静脈、橈側皮静脈、肘正中皮静脈など)を placement. 穿刺して長いカテーテルを挿入し、腋窩静脈、鎖骨下静脈を 経由して上大静脈に先端を位置させるものです。・・・ PICC外来 | 消化器センター(消化器内科・消化器外科) | 診療科のご案内 | ご来院の方へ | 医療法人財団順和会 山王病院 (sannoclc.or.jp) 2023.12.06 アクセス Flexor muscles of the arm じょうわん くっきん ぐん (上腕屈筋群) Flexor muscles of the arm Muscles of the arm are separated into anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartments by layers of fascia, intermuscular septa(筋間中隔:きんかん ちゅうかく), and bone. Gray's Anatomy for Students, Fifth Edition Flexion of the shoulder joint Deltoids (anterior) Pectoralis major (upper) Coracobrachialis Flexion of the elbow joint Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Muscles in the anterior (flexors) compartment of the arm are: Biceps brachii (上腕二頭筋:じょうわん にとう きん) Coracobrachialis (烏口腕筋:うこうわん--) Brachialis(上腕筋:じょうわん--) Netter Collection of Medical Illustrations: All of those muscles are innervated by the Musculoskeletal System, Part I - Upper Limb, Second Edition musculocutaneous nerve(筋皮神経:きんぴ しんけい) Anatomical procedures (解剖手順) Anatomical procedures (Day 8) Upper arm 1. Mark the skin as indicated in the figure and make incision by forceps to the depth of the reticular layer of the dermis. With the scalpel and the forceps, incise and reflect the skin flaps bilaterally. * Reflect the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor laterally. Within the subcutaneous tissue, identify the cephalic vein, the basilic vein, and the median cubital vein. * Those veins are important for intravenous infusion. 2. Dissect out the sensory nerves, which are the intercostobrachial nerve, the medial brachial cutaneous nerve, the median antebrachial cutaneous nerve, and the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. 3. Dissect out the brachial fascia, open it at midline and reflect bilaterally. 4. Identify the brachial flexors, which are the coracobrachialis, the biceps brachii, and the brachialis. Dissect out the musculocutaneous nerve which innervates those muscles. * Follow the musculocutaneous nerve distally and identify where it becomes the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Axilla 1. Dissect out the brachial plexus. Identify the roots, the trunks, the divisions, and the cords of the brachial plexus. 2. Dissect out all branches of the brachial plexus. Five major branches: The musculocutaneous n., the median n., the ulnar n., the axillary n., the radial n.. From the root: The dorsal scapular n., the long thoracic n. From the trunk: The suprascapular n. From the cords: Lateral cord: The lateral pectoral n. Posterior cord: The subscapular n., the thoracodorsal n. Medial cord: The medial pectoral n., the medial brachial cutaneous n., the medial antebrachial cutaneous n. 3. Dissect out the axillary artery, the brachial artery, and its branches. Branches of the axillary artery First part (1 branch): The superior thoracic a. (Supreme thoracic a.) Second part (deep to the pectoralis minor: 2 branches): The thoraco-acromial a., the lateral thoracic a. Third part (3 branches): The subscapular a., the anterior humeral circumflex a.,the posterior humeral circumflex a. Branch of the brachial artery: the deep brachial artery *You may excise veins around those arteries. Goals of this lesson Students must understand and be able to describe: 1. The structure and branches of the brachial plexus. わん しんけい そう こうぞう えだ (腕神経叢の構造と枝) 2. The structure of the axilla. えきか (腋窩の構造) 3. The structure and branches of the axillary artery and the brachial artery. In addition, the structure of the veins. どうみゃく じょうみゃく じょうわん じょうし ひ (腋窩動脈・静脈/上腕動脈・静脈の構造と枝、上肢の皮静脈) 4. The structure and the nerve innervation of the flexor muscles of the upper arm. くっきん ぐん しはい (上腕屈筋群の筋と支配神経)

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