2024 Airway Diseases in Pigs & Poultry PDF

APPROACH TO A I R WAY D I S E A S ES IN PIGS & POULTRY OLUWOLE ONI Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LO’S 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on history & clinical presentations associated with airway diseases of pigs & poultry and choose...

APPROACH TO A I R WAY D I S E A S ES IN PIGS & POULTRY OLUWOLE ONI Courtesy: Henri K-Sims LO’S 1. Construct a differential diagnosis list based on history & clinical presentations associated with airway diseases of pigs & poultry and choose appropriate diagnostics. 2. Determine appropriate medical and surgical interventions in the management and treatment of airway diseases of pigs & poultry. 3. Determine appropriate prognosis, based on an individual animal or bird and a herd or flock. 4. Determine prevention and control measures appropriate for airway diseases in pigs & poultry. R ES PIR ATO RY Adult birds (layers & Young birds 7-40d Other poultry Chicks 0-7 days breeders) Infectious laryngeal Colibaccillosis Colibacillosis Colibacillosis tracheitis (ILT) Mycoplasmas (Ms & Mg) Infectious bronchitis Mycoplasmas (Ms & Mg) Adverse environment virus (IBV) Ornithobacterium Pasturella multocida rhinotracheale Aspergillosis Aspergillosis (ORT) Avibacterium paragallinarum P Adverse environment IBV Marek’s disease Syngamus trachea P e.g. high humidities & temperature causing panting Trichomonas gallinae Trichomonas gallinae Other: and airsacculitis Avian Influenza N Avian metapneumovirus Avian metapnuemovirus Newcastle disease N (avian rhinotracheitis - ART) (turkey rhinotracheitis - TRT)  COMMON - PIG Young piglets Piglets Weaned pigs Adult pigs 0-7 days 7d - weaning Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) Bordetella infection Enzootic pneumonia (M.hyopneumoniae) Enzootic pneumonia Actinobacillus Pleuropneumonia (APP) Bordetella infection Bordetella (M.hyopneumoniae) Bordetella infection Enzootic pneumonia Swine influenza infection Swine influenza Enzootic Swine Streptococcal infections Swine influenza pneumonia influenza Streptococcal Ascaris migration infections Ascaris migration Pasteurellosis TB N Enzootic pneumonia Porcine Reproductive Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Enzootic Porcine Reproductive & Ascaris migration Ascaris migration pneumonia Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) PRRS PRRS APP PRRS PRRS APP  History I N V E S T I G AT I O N Clinical exam / inspection Sampling Host = Disease Agent Environment HISTORY Health status of unit e.g. high health status, disease free animals = naive Host Signalment age, sex, breed - e.g. progeny from gilts lower MDA than sows Presentation / Clinical signs e.g. coughing or sneezing? Flock / Herd Records e.g. previous low weights, poor uniformity or high mortality? ↓ Feed intake, ↓ Water consumption, ↓ Reproductive success Reject/return reports from factory e.g. high levels of pleuropneumonia or ascites in latest batch slaughtered  HISTORY Farm system Environment e.g. 5wk batch pig unit ∴ multiple age, cleaned between batches Environment e.g. recent weather extremes (heat stress → panting) Recent events e.g. spraying mite powder in layer unit → dust → irritation to mucosa Biosecurity Potential for introduction of pathogens HISTORY - EP IDEMIOLOGY Where are affected animals? e.g. Pattern of disease spread Wind direction Order of daily 1 2 3 check? Transmission rate e.g. few days / week Recent on-farm movements e.g. growing to finishing unit  HISTORY - EP IDEMIOLOGY Farm situation Wind direction 1 2 3 Animal transport lorries travelling to & from factory up M1 CLINICAL V SUBCLINICAL E.g. Clinical signs causing clinical disease ILT Pasturellosis Subclinical affecting performance IBV Mycoplasma  PET CLINICAL EXAM Visual Auscultation – VERY difficult! Temperature – Chicken = 40-42oC Pig = 38.5-40.0  T U R K E Y P O S S I B LY I N F E C T E D W I T H A R T MP4  HEART MURMUR MP4 CLINICAL INSPECTION URT - Nasal cavity & sinuses General Sneezing Poor spread Snicking (birds) Poor activity LRT – Trachea & lower airways Coughing Coughing pet pig Coughing Dyspnoea pet pig Open mouth breathing chicken Tachypnoea Open mouth Open-mouth breathing breathing chicken Pet diagnostics Radiology / Ultrasound under sedation  Cull sick, DIAGNOSIS Dead coughing animals animals 1. Post mortem System affected (URT v LRT) Form initial differential diagnoses Decide on appropriate further tests Histology (e.g. viral inclusion bodies in ILT) Bacteriology (Alive! purulent pneumonia, sinusitis) Swabbing (PCR) (e.g. Mycoplasma, viruses PRRS) Serology Virology (Virus isolation)  DIAGNOSTIC SAMPLING RIGHT SAMPLE SIZE and RIGHT DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUE To detect disease … target sick animals! Sample Pathogen examples Test Nasal swab B.bronchoseptica & P.multocida Culture (Alive! Care of URT commensals e.g. H.parasuis, M.hyorhinis, S.suis) M.hyopneumoniae, SIV PCR (plastic!) Bronchoalveolar lavage A.pleuropneumonia, Culture (avoid contaminants) B.bronchiseptica, P.multocida, M.hyopneumoniae, PRRSV, PCR (RNA,DNA) PCV-2, SIV Oral fluids Monitoring & estimate the circulation ELISA (antibodies) of pathogens e.g. PRRS M.hyopneumoniae, PRRSV, SIV PCR (RNA,DNA) Tissue swabs A.pleuropneumonia Culture Oral/ tonsil/ A.pleuropneumoniae Culture tracheobronchial swabs M.hyopneumoniae, PCR (RNA,DNA) A.pleuropneumoniae Serology PRRSV, M.hyopneumoniae, SIV ELISA (antibodies) PRRSV, PCV2, CSF PCR (antigen) ORAL FLUIDS  Cull, sick, DIAGNOSIS coughing animals 2. Serology (paired samples – infection status, age) 3. Bronchoalveolar lavage Transoral, transnasal Anaesthetic SEROLOGY Seroconversion = body produces antibodies in response to stimulation of immune system due to an antigen. Response to disease or vaccination ≈ 2 weeks BLOOD SAMPLING A TURKEY  N.B. Seroconversion SEROLOGY to disease / vaccination takes ≈ 2 weeks -ve serology ELISA (antibodies) Frequency No exposure to pathogen/vaccine 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Not yet seroconverted 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Titre  N.B. Seroconversion SEROLOGY to disease / vaccination takes ≈ 2 weeks Likely +ve serology Frequency minimum Previously exposed to response titre pathogen 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 to disease (NOT INFECTED!) MDA Vaccinated 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Titre  N.B. Seroconversion SEROLOGY to disease / vaccination takes ≈ 2 weeks Likely minimum +ve serology Frequency response titre Likely recent exposure to to disease pathogen 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 MDA Vaccinated 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Titre  Cull, sick, DIAGNOSIS (SEROLOGY) coughing animals Serology (paired samples – infection status, age) Investigating sneezing chickens: How would you interpret these? Case 1: -ve Mg serology, +ve Mg PCR Case 2: +ve Mg serology, +ve Mg PCR Case 3: +ve Mg serology, -ve Mg PCR M O N ITO R IN G VAC C IN ATIO N S 1. Ideally sample same bird/pig on each occasion 2. Need to know vaccination programme TR EATM E N T – B A CT ER IA L D I SEA S ES Antimicrobials Based on culture and sensitivity results Licenced in food producing animals (meat, milk or offal) Practically acceptable meat, milk or offal withdrawal Anti-inflammatories Licenced in food producing animals (meat, milk or offal) Practical meat, milk or offal withdrawal A few NSAID’s licenced in pigs Click to find these Supportive therapy Click to find these P.multocida TR EATM E N T – V IR A L D IS EA SES No anti-viral’s licenced in pigs or poultry Anti-inflammatories if required Monitor for secondary bacterial infections and treat based on culture and sensitivity testing. Supportive therapy ILT TR EATM E N T – F UN G A L D IS EA SES N.B. Voice change in a chicken is an emergency! Nodules in lungs and thoracic air sac No licenced antifungals Voriconazole, Iatroconazole, fluconazole works Supportive Find out why! Immunosuppressed? Mouldy bedding? Mouldy feed? Aspergillosis T R E AT M E N T – PA R A S IT I C D IS E A SE S Pigs Migrating ascarids – Doramectin, Ivermectin, fenbendazole, flubendazole Poultry Syngamus trachea – Fenbendazole, Flubendazol, Levamisole SUPPORTIVE THERAPY Environmental management Ventilation – reduce drafts, increase temperature Feeding – encourage appetite (feed program) Supplements Vitamins to support immune system & stimulate appetite Decongestants & expectorants e.g. eucalptus, menthol (Vix, Olbas) Mucolytics e.g. bromhexine (Bisolvon) Electrolytes to support rehydration PROGNOSIS Individual animal Good if targeted treatment & minimal respiratory damage Poor if severe disease / culling Group Good if quick resolution Minimise weight loss High abattoir rejects e.g. ascarid migration, airsacculitis Poor if severe & cannot eradicate (Depop?) PREVENTION Biosecurity & hygiene All-in-all-out Ventilation Early identification of sick animals Surveillance (what’s on your farm?) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D7rUfZbMIHA Vaccination & measure response to vaccine (H.parasuis, Atrophic rhinitis, PRRS, EP in pigs) (ILT, IBV, NDV, Ms, Mg in poultry) Rapid isolation & treatment of affected animals Pig cough monitor Preventing respiratory disease on farm https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKmRd6-cniI SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING Common diseases, diagnosis, prognosis, treatment Pigs: Pig Diseases: 9th Edition, D.J. Taylor Handbook of Pig Medicine, Peter Jackson & Peter Cockcroft Poultry Poultry diseases, Mark Pattison