2022 Final Study Guide - December PDF

Things you need to know  Definitions to know Monarchy: rule by a king of family Democracy: rule by the people Aristocracy: rule by land owning elites Oligarchy: rule by the few Plutocracy: rule by the wealthy  Justinian I : Greatest emperor of the Byzantine empire...

Things you need to know  Definitions to know Monarchy: rule by a king of family Democracy: rule by the people Aristocracy: rule by land owning elites Oligarchy: rule by the few Plutocracy: rule by the wealthy  Justinian I : Greatest emperor of the Byzantine empire Theodora: empress who played a huge role in the early Byzantine empire Mohammad: key prophet of Islam and founder of the faith Allah: Islamic term for God  Upper class: controls the most important parts of society Middle class: people who get paid for the skills they possess Lower class: people that possess no special/valuable skills and usually end up with the worst jobs in society. Bishop: church official in charge of an area or diocese  Tribune: Roman official elected by the plebeians to represent them in the Senate Aqueduct: a bridge like structure that carries water to Roman cities. Mercenary: the term used for someone from a foreign country who fights for pay Veto: to declare a law void – a power ranted to the Tribune in ancient Rome and Presidents of the United States  Dictator: a ruler who has complete control over a government Tribute: payment of money or goods from a conquered people to their conquerors Chivalry: code of conduct adopted by European knights during the Crusades Troubadour: a wandering poet who earned his living by entertaining others  Qur’an: the Muslim holy book Jihad: Arabic term for “holy war” Hajj: Pilgrimage made each year by Muslims from all over to the world to the city of Mecca Mecca: the city that the Hajj is made to each year – one of Islam’s most sacred cities  Mythology: Collection of myths belonging to a particular religion or culture Atheism: the lack of belief in a divine being Feudalism: a system of government in which land is exchanged for loyalty, taxes, and soldiers Fief: the term for land owned under feudalism  The Pope: the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the bishop of Rome Patriarch of Istanbul: the spiritual head of the Greek Orthodox Church Patricians: Roman elites families Plebeians: Roman commoner (non-elites) Legion: the key unit of the Roman army. Composed of around 5,000 men  Anti-Semitism: prejudice or dislike towards the Jewish people. Serfs: peasants who lived on and worked a manor Usury: making money by charging very high interest rates on loans Monotheism: belief in one god Polytheism: belief in more than one god  Rome: Capital of the Roman Empire and modern capital of Italy Caesar Augustus: The first Roman Emperor and nephew of Julius Caesar Constantinople: Capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is called Istanbul Hagia Sophia: Great Byzantine Church converted into a mosque by Muslims  Hernan Cortez – Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs Francisco Pizzaro – Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas Christopher Columbus – Explorer who discovered the New World for Spain Ponce De Leon – Spaniard who explored Florida Ferdinand Magellan – First man to circumnavigate the world.  Jamestown – first successful English Colony in the New World. Genghis Khan – Creator of the Mongol Empire. Silk Trade Route – trade route that connected Europe to China. Zhang He – Chinese admiral who explored the coast of Africa. Charles Martel – Frankish leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours.  Battle of Tours – battle in which the Christian army stops the Muslim invasion of Europe. Charlemagne – great Frankish leader who helped create France. William the Conqueror – Norman leader who invaded and united England. Henry II – English king who established English Common Law. Caravel – Ship design created by the Portuguese that allowed them to sail the Atlantic. Clovis -- Leader who united the Franks and became their first Christian leader after winning a battle  Astrolabe – tool used by sailors that uses the stars to locate their position. Compass – tool used by sailors that allows them to navigate by consistently pointing north. Crusades – Christian counter-attack against the Muslims in the Holy Land Shogun – Japanese military dictator second only to the emperor. Japanese Emperor – the divine ruler of Japan.  Oda Nobunaga – Japanese warlord who introduced the use of rifles in battle. Tokugawa Ieyasu – Japanese warlord who united Japan for the first time. Samurai – Japanese warriors similar to European knights. Bushido: Code of behavior followed by Samurai. Martin Luther – German monk whose objections to indulgences led to the Protestant Reformation.  Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Japanese warlord who murdered Christians and began the Great Sword Hunt. Atman: Hindu term for soul. Reincarnation: In Hinduism, the movement of a soul from shell to shell. Karma: good luck or bad luck affecting reincarnation. Dharma: Hindu code of ethics.  95 Thesis – pamphlet written by Martin Luther explaining why indulgences were wrong. John Calvin – Religious leader who created Calvinism. Printing press – device that allowed for the mass production of written material. St. Thomas Aquinas – Catholic leader who was able to bring together science and faith.  Humanism – the the idea that the human being has individual value separate from God. It does not dismiss the idea of God, but says there is more to life than religion. William Shakespeare – Famous English author of over 30 plays. Michelangelo – sculptor and painter of the Sistine Chapel. Donatello – famous sculptor. Raphael – famous painter and sculptor. Leonardo De Vinci – inventor and painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.  Miguel Cervantes – author of Don Quixote Francis Bacon – creator of the scientific method. Galileo Galilei – discovered the law of falling bodies. Johan Copernicus – creator of the heliocentric view of the universe. Isaac Newton – discovered the laws of motion and gravity.