Political Systems and Key Figures in History

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Questions and Answers

What term describes a government ruled by a king or royal family?

  • Democracy
  • Plutocracy
  • Monarchy (correct)
  • Oligarchy

Which of the following correctly defines a mercenary?

  • An elected representative in Roman times
  • A ruler with absolute power
  • A knight following the code of chivalry
  • A foreign fighter paid for combat (correct)

Which individual is considered the greatest emperor of the Byzantine Empire?

  • Justinian I (correct)
  • Bishop
  • Mohammad
  • Theodora

What is the Hajj in Islam?

<p>A pilgrimage to Mecca (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'veto' mean in the context of government?

<p>To declare a law void (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes feudalism?

<p>A system of land exchange for loyalty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is the head of the Roman Catholic Church?

<p>The Pope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do the plebeians hold in Roman society?

<p>Commoners and non-elites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary belief system of monotheism?

<p>Belief in one god (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first Roman Emperor?

<p>Caesar Augustus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which explorer is credited with conquering the Aztecs?

<p>Hernan Cortez (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Charles Martel play in the Battle of Tours?

<p>He was a commander in the Christian army (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovative ship design was created by the Portuguese?

<p>Caravel (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for uniting Japan for the first time?

<p>Tokugawa Ieyasu (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Crusades?

<p>To reclaim the Holy Land for Christianity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the code of behavior followed by Samurai in Japan?

<p>Bushido (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Democracy

A system of government where the people hold the power to make decisions.

Monarchy

A system of government where a king or queen rules, often with a royal family.

Oligarchy

A form of government where a small group of wealthy or powerful people hold the power.

Aristocracy

A system of government where landowning elites hold the power.

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Plutocracy

A system of government where the wealthy class holds the power.

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Allah

A religious term for God used by Muslims.

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Mohammad

The founder of Islam and its key prophet.

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Justinian I

The greatest emperor of the Byzantine Empire, known for his legal reforms and rebuilding.

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Serfs

Peasants who lived and worked on a manor and were bound to the land.

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Usury

The practice of lending money at extremely high interest rates.

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Monotheism

Belief in one god.

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Polytheism

Belief in more than one god.

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Caesar Augustus

The first Roman Emperor, nephew of Julius Caesar.

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Constantinople

The capital of the Byzantine Empire, now called Istanbul.

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Hagia Sophia

Great Byzantine Church later converted into a mosque by Muslims.

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Hernan Cortez

Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs.

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Study Notes

Definitions

  • Monarchy: rule by a king or family
  • Democracy: rule by the people
  • Aristocracy: rule by landowning elites
  • Oligarchy: rule by the few
  • Plutocracy: rule by the wealthy

Important Figures and Concepts

  • Justinian I: Greatest emperor of the Byzantine empire
  • Theodora: Byzantine empress who played a significant role in the empire
  • Mohammad: Key prophet of Islam and founder of the faith
  • Allah: Islamic term for God
  • Upper class: controls most important parts of society
  • Middle class: people paid for skills
  • Lower class: people with no valuable skills, often with worst jobs
  • Bishop: church official in charge of a diocese or area
  • Tribune: Roman official elected by plebeians to represent them in the Senate
  • Aqueduct: bridge-like structure carrying water to Roman cities
  • Mercenary: someone from a foreign country fighting for pay
  • Veto: to declare a law void (power held by some officials)
  • Dictator: ruler with complete control over a government
  • Tribute: payment of money or goods from conquered people to conquerors
  • Chivalry: code of conduct for European knights during the Crusades
  • Troubadour: wandering poet who earned a living by entertaining others
  • Qur'an: the Muslim holy book
  • Jihad: Arabic term for "holy war"
  • Hajj: Pilgrimage made by Muslims each year to Mecca
  • Mecca: one of Islam's most sacred cities
  • Mythology: collection of myths belonging to a religion or culture
  • Atheism: lack of belief in a divine being
  • Feudalism: system of government where land is exchanged for loyalty, taxes, and soldiers
  • Fief: land owned under feudalism
  • The Pope: head of the Roman Catholic Church and bishop of Rome
  • Patriarch of Istanbul: spiritual head of the Greek Orthodox Church
  • Patricians: Roman elite families
  • Plebeians: Roman commoners
  • Legion: key unit of the Roman army (around 5,000 men)
  • Anti-Semitism: prejudice or dislike toward Jewish people
  • Serfs: peasants who worked on a manor
  • Usury: making money by charging very high interest rates on loans
  • Monotheism: belief in one god
  • Polytheism: belief in more than one god
  • Rome: Capital of the Roman Empire and modern capital of Italy
  • Caesar Augustus: first Roman Emperor and nephew of Julius Caesar
  • Constantinople: Capital of the Byzantine Empire (now Istanbul)
  • Hagia Sophia: Great Byzantine Church converted into a mosque
  • Hernan Cortes: Spanish explorer who conquered the Aztecs
  • Francisco Pizarro: Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas
  • Christopher Columbus: Explorer who discovered the New World for Spain
  • Ponce De Leon: Spaniard who explored Florida
  • Ferdinand Magellan: First man to circumnavigate the world
  • Jamestown: first successful English colony in the New World
  • Genghis Khan: Creator of the Mongol Empire
  • Silk Road: trade route connecting Europe to China
  • Zhang He: Chinese admiral who explored the coast of Africa
  • Charles Martel: Frankish leader who defeated the Muslims at the Battle of Tours
  • Battle of Tours: battle in which the Christian army stopped the Muslim invasion of Europe
  • Charlemagne: great Frankish leader who helped create France
  • William the Conqueror: Norman leader who invaded and united England
  • Henry II: English king who established English Common Law
  • Caravel: Ship design created by the Portuguese that allowed them to sail the Atlantic
  • Clovis: Leader who united the Franks and became their first Christian leader
  • Astrolabe: tool used by sailors to locate their position using stars
  • Compass: tool used by sailors to navigate by consistently pointing north
  • Crusades: Christian counter-attack against the Muslims in the Holy Land
  • Shogun: Japanese military dictator second only to the emperor
  • Japanese Emperor: divine ruler of Japan
  • Oda Nobunaga: Japanese warlord who introduced the use of rifles in battle
  • Tokugawa Ieyasu: Japanese warlord who united Japan
  • Samurai: Japanese warriors similar to European knights
  • Bushido: Code of behavior followed by Samurai
  • Martin Luther: German monk whose objections to indulgences led to the Protestant Reformation
  • 95 Theses: pamphlet written by Martin Luther explaining why indulgences were wrong
  • John Calvin: Religious leader who created Calvinism
  • Printing press: device that allowed for the mass production of written material
  • St. Thomas Aquinas: Catholic leader who was able to bring together science and faith
  • Humanism: the idea that humans have individual value separate from God; more to life than religion
  • William Shakespeare: Famous English author of over 30 plays
  • Michelangelo: sculptor and painter of the Sistine Chapel
  • Donatello: famous sculptor
  • Raphael: famous painter and sculptor
  • Leonardo da Vinci: inventor and painter of the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
  • Miguel de Cervantes: author of Don Quixote
  • Francis Bacon: creator of the scientific method
  • Galileo Galilei: discovered the law of falling bodies
  • Johan Copernicus: creator of the heliocentric view of the universe
  • Isaac Newton: discovered the laws of motion and gravity
  • Toyotomi Hideyoshi: Japanese warlord who murdered Christians and began the Great Sword Hunt
  • Atman: Hindu term for soul
  • Reincarnation: In Hinduism, the movement of a soul to another body
  • Karma: good luck or bad luck affecting reincarnation
  • Dharma: Hindu code of ethics

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