Types and Dimensions of Power PDF

TYPES AND DIMENSIONS OF POWER When someone compels you to decide against your will, you are subjected to power. 2 Can you be certain that your decisions are not influenced by another’s will? 3 Does power operate only in situations with observable conflic...

TYPES AND DIMENSIONS OF POWER When someone compels you to decide against your will, you are subjected to power. 2 Can you be certain that your decisions are not influenced by another’s will? 3 Does power operate only in situations with observable conflict? 4 Power Play 1. The class will be divided into three groups. 2. The members of each group will be asked to determine which object they currently own is most valuable to them. This object will be their most prized possession or wealth. 3. Each group will be asked to seize or gain possession of the wealth of another group. The task is for a group to convince another group to surrender their prized possession instead of giving it to another group. 5 Power Play 4. Each round will be facilitated as follows: a. Round 1: Groups A and B will compete for Group C’s properties. b. Round 2: Groups B and C will compete for Group A’s properties. c. Round 3: Groups A and C will compete for Group B’s properties. 6 WHAT DIFFERENT STRATEGIES DID YOUR GROUP USE IN TRYING TO CONVINCE THE TARGET GROUP? 7 WHAT STRATEGIES DID YOU FIND MOST EFFECTIVE WHEN OTHER GROUPS WERE TRYING TO CONVINCE YOU? WHY? 8 WOULD YOU HAVE USED THE SAME STRATEGIES IN A REAL-LIFE SITUATION? WHY? WHAT OTHER STRATEGIES WOULD YOU HAVE USED? 9 What are the manifestations of an exercise of power? 10 TYPES OF POWER Max Weber Sociologist According to him, power is "the ability of an individual or group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying to prevent them from realizing them." 11  TYPES OF POWER Power can be observed, defined, and examined. There are four types of power. 12  TYPES OF POWER Force Persuasion Types of Power Manipulation Exchange 13  TYPES OF POWER Each type describes how Force power can be used. Each is distinct from the Persuasion other and has a unique set of characteristics. Manipulation In practice, these types can Exchange act and be used simultaneously. 14  TYPES OF POWER Force the use of physical means to cause an prevent an action or action or decision decision 15  TYPES OF POWER Force Example: dispersal of mass demonstrations where the police uses power to prevent the action (i.e., airing grievances against the government) 16 TYPES OF POWER Force Example: transport strikes where jeepney drivers and operators use power to paralyze public transportation and cause the government to address their demands 17  TYPES OF POWER Force Other examples: arrests assassinations wars economic embargoes boycotts rebellions revolutions 18  TYPES OF POWER Force use of physical means can be violent nonviolent 19  TYPES OF POWER use of nonphysical means persuasion manipulation The intentions The purpose and and desires of the intents of the political actor are political actor clear and are concealed. known. 20  TYPES OF POWER Persuasion It is the ability to change a person’s belief or course of action through explanation and argumentation. The person being persuaded knows the intentions and desires of the one exercising this power. 21  TYPES OF POWER Persuasion Example: information drive on COVID-19 pandemic where power is exercised by providing information, scientific data, and analyses to persuade people to practice health protocols 22 TYPES OF POWER Persuasion Example: advocacies by university students where power is exercised through debates, speeches, position papers, and signature campaigns to influence government decisions 23  Can you think of a person or a group with considerable persuasive power? What makes them persuasive? 24 24 TYPES OF POWER Manipulation It can be used to change beliefs or cause decisions. The person being manipulated is unaware that power is being enforced to affect his or her beliefs, decisions, and actions. 25  TYPES OF POWER Manipulation Example: the use of diversionary tactics in politics wherein issues are created in order to deflect or distract public attention away from bigger concerns 26 TYPES OF POWER Manipulation Example: the use of smear campaigns against political opponents by spreading misinformation or disinformation to discourage the public from supporting a cause 27  TYPES OF POWER Exchange to influence actions, it employs disincentives incentives and and rewards punishment 28 TYPES OF POWER Exchange Example: structural adjustment programs (SAPs) where powerful countries use aids and loans to implement the programs and policies they want to see in underdeveloped countries 29  TYPES OF POWER Exchange Example: bribery where wealthy people use cash and gifts to gain political favors 30 Jose found out that Pedro has shady business operations and wanted to report him to the authorities. Pedro gave Jose a large sum of money to stop him. Jose accepted the money and agreed. Jose clearly benefited from the said arrangement. Did Pedro use power over Jose? Explain your answer briefly. 31 31  DIMENSIONS OF POWER In what space or dimension does power operate? 32  DIMENSIONS OF POWER Power is best viewed in three dimensions: 1. surface (decision- making) a- d en 2. behind (agenda- decision-making ag tting se setting) preference- 3. underneath shaping (preference- shaping) 33 DIMENSIONS OF POWER Decision-Making Power is the ability to make others do what they otherwise would not do (Dahl 1957). The powerful are those who hold sway on the decision- making arena. 34  DIMENSIONS OF POWER Decision-Making the most apparent dimension of power considered as the “front face” FIRST of power DIMENSION ○ Example: cabinet meetings, OF POWER congressional hearings, plenary sessions, and other arenas of conflict resolution 35 DIMENSIONS OF POWER Agenda-Setting Power is the ability to decide among the selection of issues “what is and what is not subject to the formal process of political deliberation” (Hay 2002). The powerful are those who set the agenda. 36  DIMENSIONS OF POWER Agenda-Setting This is the face of power that is hidden in plain sight. SECOND Power operates behind the DIMENSION scenes to affect the decision- OF POWER making processes. 37 DIMENSIONS OF POWER Preference-Shaping Power is the shaping of the perception and preferences of people (Lukes 1974). The powerful are those who are able to shape your beliefs so that you act against your own interest and well-being. 38  DIMENSIONS OF POWER Preference-Shaping This is the face of power that people are commonly unaware THIRD of. DIMENSION Ideology and culture ultimately OF POWER shape the behavior and actions of people as they engage in politics. 39 Compare and contrast the following concepts. 1. dimensions of types of power power 40 Compare and contrast the following concepts. 2. persuasion manipulation 41 Compare and contrast the following concepts. 3. reward penalty 42 Compare and contrast the following concepts. 4. force persuasion 43 Compare and contrast the following concepts. 5. preference- decision-making shaping 44  Power is used in different forms. These forms can be categorized into at least four types: force, persuasion, manipulation, and exchange. Types of Power physical nonphysical means means Manipulatio Force Persuasion Exchange n violent nonviolent incentiv disincentive e 45  The use of power occurs and operates in three dimensions: decision-making, agenda- setting, and preference-shaping. To analyze power, one must examine how power moves in all the dimensions to influence a certain outcome. All types of power can be employed in all these dimensions. 46 1. Form a group with three members. 2. Analyze the given situations. Determine what type and dimension of power are best reflected in each situation. 3. Write the corresponding letter of the situation in the appropriate box to complete the matrix.  Dimensions of Power in decision- in preference- in agenda-setting making shaping use of force use of persuasion Types of use of Power manipulation use of exchange A. A STUDENT-LEADER DELIVERED AN EXCELLENT SPEECH ON THE YOUTH’S RIGHT TO FREE EDUCATION DURING A COMMITTEE DELIBERATION THAT PERSUADED THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES TO PASS A BILL ON FREE COLLEGE TUITION. B. TRADE UNION WORKERS ORGANIZE A STRIKE TO PRESSURE THE COMPANY’S MANAGEMENT TO CONDUCT NEGOTIATIONS AND ACT ON THEIR DEMAND FOR WAGE INCREASE. C. THE GOVERNMENT BANS THE PUBLICATION AND CIRCULATION OF CRITICAL AND RADICAL ARTICLES AND NEWSPAPERS. D. PIECES OF FAKE INFORMATION ON STATE CRITICS ARE SPREAD TO BOOST SUPPORT FOR THE PRESIDENT. E. A MINING COMPANY OFFERS BRIBES TO POLITICIANS WHO WILL APPROVE ITS APPLICATION WITHOUT QUESTION. F. ACTIVISTS CONDUCT EDUCATIONAL DISCUSSIONS TO CONVINCE PEOPLE OF THEIR IDEOLOGY AND PERSPECTIVE. G. THE GOVERNMENT EXPOSES THE ABUSES OF A FOREIGN COUNTRY TO KEEP THE PUBLIC’S ATTENTION AWAY FROM NEWS OF FOREIGN MILITARY H. THE CHAMBER IMPEACHES A PUBLIC OFFICIAL ON THE GROUNDS OF NON-DECLARATION OF ASSETS, BUT THE REAL INTENTION IS TO INSTALL A NEW CHIEF THAT THE EXECUTIVES FAVOR. I. A LOBBY GROUP GATHERS 10,000 SIGNATURES TO CONVINCE CONGRESS THAT IT IS TIME TO DISCUSS THE ISSUE OF GENDER DISCRIMINATION. J. THE PRESIDENT THREATENS TO DEFUND AN INSTITUTION IF ITS MEMBERS WILL NOT STOP SUPPORTING THE INVESTIGATION OF EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS. K. PROTESTERS BARGE INTO THE MEETING HALL TO DISRUPT THE PROCEEDINGS AND POSTPONE THE APPROVAL OF A BILL IN CONGRESS. L. A SOCIAL MOVEMENT LEADER PROMISES A BETTER LIFE IF THE PEOPLE REJECT THE CURRENT SYSTEM AND INSTALL A NEW ONE.