Construction Safety Management Programs (Fall 2024) PDF

Fall 2024, CivE709B Construction Safety and Human Factors 2. Safety Management Programs (1) Gaang Lee, PhD. Assistant Professor Hole School of Construction Dept. of...

Fall 2024, CivE709B Construction Safety and Human Factors 2. Safety Management Programs (1) Gaang Lee, PhD. Assistant Professor Hole School of Construction Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Alberta A U TTENTIVE  Outline Overview 5 High-Impact Safety Techniques Safety Assessment Typical Hazard Sources and Their Preventions Energy Wheel Hierarchy of Hazard Controls Monitoring (Site Audits / Worker Observation) Accident Reporting Roles Codes & Regulations (OSH) Why Do we Still Have Failures? A U TTENTIVE 2  Construction Safety Management Programs Design & Worker Begin Construction Project Preconstruction Work Phase Completion Organize Project Safety Training & Screening Toolbox safety talks Safe work rules Training & orientation Incentive/Recognition Accident Project layout Drug testing Safety audits Safety staffing Background Training (special) Top management check Drug tests (random) commitment Subcontractor management Inspection Site-specific safety plan Pre-task planning Pre-project planning Worker observations Facility owner rules Design for safety Post-Project Review A U TTENTIVE Source: Jimmie Hinze, Lecture Note: Path to Safety 3  Construction Safety Management Programs (Cont.) 5 High-Impact Safety Techniques (Construction Industry Institute (CII) recommendation) - Safety pre-projectre-task planning - Safety training / orientation - Safety incentives - Alcohol / substance abuse program - Accident & incident investigation A U TTENTIVE Source: CII Zero Injuries Techniques 1993 4  Pre-Project and Pre-Task Planning Pre-Project Planning (BEFORE construction) - Safety goals setup - Pre-placement employee evaluations - Project-level safety assessment (e.g., checking previous similar projects) → Let’s see the details later! Pre-Task Planning (DURING construction) - Task-level safety assessment (a.k.a. Job hazard analysis) → Let’s see the details later! - Task training: ensuring capacity to keep their safety under the specific task situations Q!: any limitations, especially due to “Pre” nature? A U TTENTIVE Source: CII Zero Injuries Techniques 1993 5  Site Orientation and Training (for Workers) Site Safety Orientation: delivering the site-specific safety information - Introduction to project - Site safety philosophy - Current safety performance of the project - Safety presentation - Emergency plan - All site safety rules and procedures → Every project is different (sometimes drastically) Q!: Doing the site orientation effectively is actually a challenging task, why? A U TTENTIVE Source: CII Zero Injuries Techniques 1993 6  Site Orientation and Training (for Workers) (Cont.) Safety Meeting - A weekly 15-minute tool-box meeting with all workers - A monthly safety meeting with all levels of supervision - Topics: - Training materials - Project- and progress-specific topics - Upcoming work schedule and a new piece of equipment - Safety violations noted A U TTENTIVE Source: CII Zero Injuries Techniques 1993 7  Safety Incentive Program Objectives - Reinforcing good or safe behaviors - Altering poor or unsafe behaviors Types of Incentive Programs - Spot cash incentives used with workers - Milestone cash incentives given to workers - End of project incentives given to workers Q!: some organizations hesitate applying the incentives, guess why. A U TTENTIVE Source: CII Zero Injuries Techniques 1993 8  Drug and Alcohol Abuse Programs Main Characteristics - Inspection for contraband (illegal or prohibited items; e.g., alcohol, drugs, weapons) - Screening done at random - Lower-tier contractors also required to have Drug and Alcohol Abuse Programs - Program administrated to all employees A U TTENTIVE 9  Accident / Incident Investigation Main Characteristics - All incidents should be investigated, including accidents without injuries. - Detailed analysis of what happened. - Fact-finding, not fault-finding (not intending to figure-point) - Identify root causes to avoid further occurrences. - Communication of the findings. → Let’s see the details later! (with how to report) A U TTENTIVE 10  Outline Overview 5 High-Impact Safety Techniques Safety Assessment Typical Hazard Sources (Fatal Four) and Their Preventions Energy Wheel Hierarchy of Hazard Controls Monitoring (Site Audits / Worker Observation) Accident Reporting Roles Codes & Regulations (OSH) Why Do we Still Have Failures? A U TTENTIVE 11  Job-Site Safety Assessment Objective of Job-Site Safety Assessment - Identify all major safety and health hazards on the project to control and mitigate their impact. Procedure - Identification → Evaluation → Control / Mitigation 2 Types of Assessment - Project-level (Before project) - Task-level (before task) A U TTENTIVE 12  Project-Level Safety Assessment Identification - Using information from past projects (companies own records/data, or public ones, such as OHS records in CAN, OSHA log in the US) - Consider types of tasks, materials, equipment, work conditions, etc. Evaluation - Risk = Probability of occurrence × Severity of adverse effect Control & Mitigation - Devise means to reduce the unacceptable risk - Re-evaluate the risk: Is the risk acceptable with the controls? A U TTENTIVE OSH: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety / OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration 13  Task-Level Safety Assessment a.k.a. Job Hazard Analysis Identification - Identify the major sequence of steps for each step (job description). - Identify the potential hazards for each step (hazard identification). Evaluation - Risk = Probability of occurrence × Severity of adverse effect Control & Mitigation - Determine preventative measures to protect against the hazards (hazard controls). - Worker training - Re-evaluation → Should be specific to the specific the situation! (job, task, and condition) A U TTENTIVE 14  Outline Overview 5 High-Impact Safety Techniques Safety Assessment Typical Hazard Sources and Their Preventions Energy Wheel Hierarchy of Hazard Controls Monitoring (Site Audits / Worker Observation) Accident Reporting Roles Codes & Regulations (OSH) Why Do we Still Have Failures? A U TTENTIVE 15  “Fatal Four”: Hazards with Most Fatal Accidents These four accident types: 57.7% of 828 total deaths in construction (OSHA 2016) - Falls - Struck-by - Electrocution - Caught in Between A U TTENTIVE Figure: deltaprevention.com 16  Fall Overview Fall Hazards Other 13.0% Roofs 33.3% - Unprotected sides, wall openings, and floor holes Towersoles 2.0% - Improper scaffold construction Vehicles 4.0% - Misuse of portable ladders Floors / ground surfaces 4.4% Machinery 4.4% Preventions - Guardrail systems Scaffolds / staging 14.8% - Safety nets Ladders 23.8% - Personal fall arrest systems Fatal Falls Breakdown from 2011-2015 Total: 1,533 deaths (CPWR 2016) A U TTENTIVE 17  Fall-related Statistics Total = 1,294 deaths 5.0% Less than 6 feet Total = 824 deaths 1-10 employees 21.9% 9.7% 13.4% 6-10 feet 5.0% 11-19 employees 11-15 feet 10.7% 16-20 feet 20-49 employees 9.7% 19.6% 21-25 feet 50-99 employees 26-30 feet 61.4% 13.2% 13.1% 100+ employees More than 30 feet 17.3% by Height of Fall (2011-2015 total) by Establishment Size (2011-2015 total) A U TTENTIVE Sources: CPWR 2016 – The Construction Chart Book 18  Fall Prevention: Guardrail System Top Rail - Height: 42 ± 3 inches above the working level - Strength: Must be able to withstand 200 lbs of force. Mid Rail - Strength: Must be able to withstand 150 lbs of force Toe Board - Height: At least 3 ½ inches tall. - Strength: Must be able to withstand 50 lbs of force Vertical - Spacing: no more than 8 feet apart (CCOHS) A U TTENTIVE 19  Fall Prevention: Safety Net Safety Net Requirements - Level: - As close as possible under the work surface. - Less than 30 feet below the work surface. - Mesh size: must not be larger than 6 by 6 inches. - inspect at least once a week. A U TTENTIVE Figure: archiexpo.com 20  Fall Prevention: Personal Fall Arrest System Anchorage - Must be capable of supporting at least 5,000 lbs. per worker Body Wear (Body Harness) - Must be a FULL-body hardness Connectors - A minimum breaking strength of 5,000 lbs. A U TTENTIVE Figure: archiexpo.com 21 A U TTENTIVE 22  Struck-By Accident Overview Types of Struck - By Hazard - Struck-by falling objects - Struck-by flying objects - Struck-by swinging/slipping objects - Struck-by rolling objects Prevention Methods - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Proper materials handling - Work zone safety A U TTENTIVE 23  Struck-By Falling Objects A U TTENTIVE 24  Struck-By Flying Objects A U TTENTIVE 25  Struck-By Swinging/Slipping/Sliding Objects A U TTENTIVE 26  Struck-By Rolling Objects A U TTENTIVE 27  Prevention of Struck-by Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) A U TTENTIVE 28  Prevention of Struck-by Proper Materials Handlings Secure materials to prevent Inspect all rigging Keep equipment falling or slipping objects Capacity A U TTENTIVE 29  Struck-by Prevention Work Zone Safety Prevention of Struck-by Use extreme caution when Traffic work zones must be Use physical barriers to protect approaching heavy equipment. clearly marked to make motorists workers from vehicle traffic. aware of the work ahead. A U TTENTIVE 30  Electrocution Overview Electrocution Hazard - Improper grounding - Exposed electrical parts - Inadequate wiring - Damaged insulation - Overloaded circuit - Damaged tools and equipment - Wet conditions Prevention Methods - Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Inspect tools and cords - Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) - Lock-out/Tag-out A U TTENTIVE 31  Prevention of Electrocution PPE - Rubber or insulating gloves: make sure globe rating matches with the work - Hard hats - Hard hats are rated for certain uses. - Metal hard hats should not be used near electrical lines. - Insulating cloths - Multimeters A U TTENTIVE 32  Prevention of Electrocution Inspect tools and cords - Cracks - Damaged insulation - Broken ground pins - Frayed line cord - Loose parts - Any other damage Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) GFCIs for Construction Sites - It senses small imbalances in the circuit. - OHS requires the use of GFCIs on all construction sites. A U TTENTIVE 33  Prevention of Electrocution Lock-out / Tag-out Electricity must be off and locked All switches must be tagged. Workers must be trained out before the work. in lock-out/tag-out procedure. A U TTENTIVE 34  Outline Overview 5 High-Impact Safety Techniques Safety Assessment Typical Hazard Sources and Their Preventions Energy Wheel Hierarchy of Hazard Controls Monitoring (Site Audits / Worker Observation) Accident Reporting Roles Codes & Regulations (OSH) Why Do we Still Have Failures? A U TTENTIVE 35  Systematic Framework for Safety Assessment: Energy Wheel (EW) (Haddon et al. 1973; Hallowell 2021) Safety tool used to help identify and control energy sources that could potentially harm workers - Help Identify Hazards - Help Evaluate Hazards (Help measure impact of potential harms) A U TTENTIVE Figure: urbint.com 36  Energy Wheel (EW) as a Tool to Identify Hazards Types of Hazardous Energy → Can Function as Checklists for Hazard Identification - Gravity: Potential energy from the height of an object, posing risks from falling objects or collapsing structures. - Motion: Energy from moving objects, including vehicles or machinery, which can cause injury if they collide or strike someone. - Mechanical: Energy from machinery or mechanical systems, such as rotating equipment that can cause harm if not controlled. - Electrical: Energy from electrical systems, including wiring, power lines, and equipment, posing risks of shocks or burns. - Pressure: Energy stored in pressurized systems (e.g., air compressors or hydraulic systems) that could release force suddenly, causing injury. - Sound: High noise levels from machinery or equipment that could cause hearing damage over time. - Radiation: Energy from radioactive materials or sources (e.g., X-rays, UV light) that can be harmful through exposure. - Biological: Risks from organisms, like bacteria or viruses, that could cause illness or infection. - Chemical: Energy from chemicals that can react, burn, or corrode, posing health risks through exposure or inhalation. - Temperature: Extreme heat or cold, which can cause burns, frostbite, or other heat/cold-related injuries. A U TTENTIVE 37  EW to Measure The Impact of Potential Accidents Assessing potential severity of an uncontrolled release of energy (potential accident) - Energy unit: Joule (J) A U TTENTIVE 38  Typical Procedures of Hazard Control with EW 1. Identify energy sources that could lead to accidents (hazards) 2. Estimate the potential impact of an accident by considering the magnitude of energy present 3. Develop control measures to prevent accidental release or manage the energy safely. 4. Prioritize high-risk areas based on the potential impact, enabling more effective allocation of safety resources. Q!: Is the prioritization with EW good enough? A U TTENTIVE 39  Seeing Fatal Four with EW - Gravity - Motion - Mechanical - Electrical - Pressure - Sound - Radiation - Biological - Chemical - Temperature A U TTENTIVE 40  Let’s try to find Hazards - Gravity - Motion - Mechanical - Electrical - Pressure - Sound - Radiation - Biological - Chemical - Temperature A U TTENTIVE 41  Let’s try to find Hazards - Gravity - Motion - Mechanical - Electrical - Pressure - Sound - Radiation - Biological - Chemical - Temperature Q!: Is the EW’s impact measurement good in any situation? A U TTENTIVE 42  Prevention: Hierarch of Controls The higher in the inverted pyramid, the more effective & more sustainable - But, the higher, the more costly/effortful → should wisely determine controls based on the hazard priority (NIOSH) Principles of Construction Safety (Holt & Lampl 2001) A U TTENTIVE NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health 43  Practice: Let’s Classify Suggested Preventions for Fatal Four with the Hierarchy of Controls A U TTENTIVE 44  PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) A U TTENTIVE 45