Review of Speech Styles (ORCO- 2nd Quarter) PDF

**ORCO- 2^nd^ Quarter** **1. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES** (Communicative competence strategies in various situations ) **COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE** The capacity to utilize language in a grammatically correct way in different and appropriate social settings. The model of communicative competence deals...

**ORCO- 2^nd^ Quarter** **1. TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES** (Communicative competence strategies in various situations ) **COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE** The capacity to utilize language in a grammatically correct way in different and appropriate social settings. The model of communicative competence deals with the functional parts of communication. It similarly deals with the correct use of the linguistic system. Simply put, communicative competence refers to how effectively one can communicate with someone else. **DELL HYMES (1966)** - HE ORIGINALLY DEFINED THE TERM \"COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE.\" - HIS DISCOVERY AND EXPLANATION OF HOW PEOPLE SPEAK IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS FORMED WHAT IS KNOWN AS COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE TODAY. MICHAEL CANALE AND MERRILL SWAIN DEVELOPED A MODEL OF COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE THAT CONSISTS OF FOUR DISTINCT COMPONENTS: - LINGUISTIC - STRATEGIC - SOCIOLINGUISTIC - DISCOURS According to Joos (1968), there are five (5) speech styles. Each style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary should be used or observed. Are patterns of speaking characterized by distinctive pronounciation, vocabulary, intent, participants, and grammatical structures. **TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES** - **Formal Register:** **Used in professional or formal settings, such as business meetings, academic writing, or official correspondence.** **Example:** **\"I would like to request a meeting to discuss the proposed project in detail.\"** - **Casual Register:** **Used in relaxed and informal situations, typically among close friends or in casual social settings.** **Example:** **\"Hey, wanna grab some lunch and chat about the project later?\"** - **Frozen Register:** **The type of language used has not changed over time, and will remain the same in the future. This means that the words stay the same every time they are spoken or written. It is like they have been frozen in time.** **These are unchangeable, fixed, held (in place), regulated, and preserved.** **Example:** ***'I, \[name\], take you, \[name\]*** ***to be my \[wife/husband\],*** ***to have and to hold*** ***from this day forward;*** ***for better, for worse,*** ***for richer, for poorer,*** ***in sickness and in health,*** ***to love and to cherish,*** ***till death us do part,*** ***according to God's holy law.*** ***In the presence of God I make this vow.'*** - **Intimate Register:** **[Intimate register is a type of language used in special occasions, usually between two people and often in private](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ba1331ad277c3190JmltdHM9MTY5OTMxNTIwMCZpZ3VpZD0yMzkyMjU1Ni1mYWYzLTZkMjctMWFmOC0yYTQ2ZmI2ZTZjMzUmaW5zaWQ9NTYyMQ&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=23922556-faf3-6d27-1af8-2a46fb6e6c35&psq=intimate+register&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhvdWdodGNvLmNvbS9yZWdpc3Rlci1sYW5ndWFnZS1zdHlsZS0xNjkyMDM4&ntb=1).** **Example:** **Good morning, my love.** **Babe, you look absolutely incredible in that dress.** **Honey you look absolutely stunning in that dress** - **Consultative Register:** From the word consultative means Giving advice. C[onsultative style is often used in professional settings, such as meetings, interviews, or consultations](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6bd621f09c71575cJmltdHM9MTcwMTA0MzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0yMzkyMjU1Ni1mYWYzLTZkMjctMWFmOC0yYTQ2ZmI2ZTZjMzUmaW5zaWQ9NTcxMQ&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=23922556-faf3-6d27-1af8-2a46fb6e6c35&psq=consultative+speech+style+meaning&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWNldGhlcHJlc2VudGF0aW9uLmNvbS9jb25zdWx0YXRpdmUtc3BlZWNoLXN0eWxlLWV4YW1wbGVzLw&ntb=1) [It is unplanned speech that relies on the feedback and participation of the listener](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a9d53912263e817aJmltdHM9MTcwMTA0MzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0yMzkyMjU1Ni1mYWYzLTZkMjctMWFmOC0yYTQ2ZmI2ZTZjMzUmaW5zaWQ9NTcwNQ&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=23922556-faf3-6d27-1af8-2a46fb6e6c35&psq=consultative+speech+style+meaning&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9waGlsbmV3cy5waC8yMDIxLzEwLzEyL2NvbnN1bHRhdGl2ZS1zcGVlY2gtc3R5bGUtZXhhbXBsZXMtZGVmaW5pdGlvbi0xNS1leGFtcGxlcy1vZi1zcGVlY2gv&ntb=1) [Consultative words include "What do you think?", "How can we solve this?", "Tell me what your opinion is](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4d099bd2ba3ce84eJmltdHM9MTcwMTA0MzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0yMzkyMjU1Ni1mYWYzLTZkMjctMWFmOC0yYTQ2ZmI2ZTZjMzUmaW5zaWQ9NTc0Mw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=23922556-faf3-6d27-1af8-2a46fb6e6c35&psq=consultative+speech+style+example+sentence&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWNldGhlcHJlc2VudGF0aW9uLmNvbS9jb25zdWx0YXRpdmUtc3BlZWNoLXN0eWxlLWV4YW1wbGVzLw&ntb=1)" **2. TYPES OF SPEECH ACT** Speech Acts are actions done by saying them. The listener must first determine the type of act being performed before he can determine which way a speech act is to be interpreted. These speech acts are categorized as follows: *Locutionary Acts, Illocutionary Acts, and Perlocutionary Acts* **Locutionary Acts**A locutionary act is when someone says something that has meaning. It's any word, phrase, or sentence that describes something or gives information. For example:- When you say*, \"It is raining,\"* you're stating a fact about the weather.- When you say, *\"My teacher is wearing a red dress today,\"* you're describing what your teacher is wearing.- Saying *\"I love dogs\"* tells people your feelings about dogs.(Each of these sentences has a clear meaning, which is what makes them locutionary acts.) **Illocutionary Acts** An illocutionary act is when you say something with a purpose---it's the action or intention behind what you're saying. It's more than just stating facts; it's meant to affect the listener in some way, like giving them a command, thanking them, apologizing, or answering a question to inform them. For example:When you say, *"Please sit down,"* you're giving a command.Saying, *"I'm sorry,"* is an apology, which shows regret.Saying, *"Thank you,"* shows gratitude. There are two kinds of illocutionary acts; - First is Constantive or making something true or false by saying it. This is commonly done by someone in authority like a judge or an official. Examples:*\"I name this dog Chubby.\"* (The speaker is officially naming the dog.)*\"You are free to leave.\"* (The speaker is giving permission.)*\"You are not my friend anymore*.\" (The speaker is ending a friendship.)*\"The meeting is adjourned.\"* (The speaker, like a chairperson, is officially ending the meeting.)Each of these statements does more than just share information---it actually makes something happen or changes the situation in some way. - The second type of illocutionary act is called performative. In a performative act, saying the words actually makes something happen, or \"does\" something, right in that moment. By speaking, the person is taking action. Examples:*\"I nominate Lancer for president.\"* (The act of nominating happens just by saying it.)*\"I accept the challenge.\"* (The speaker accepts the challenge simply by saying it.)*\"I promise to take care of you as long as I live.\"* (The promise is made by saying these words.)*\"I challenge you to prove me wrong.\"* (The challenge is issued by speaking it.)*\"You are invited to my birthday celebration.\"* (The invitation is given just by saying this.)Each of these examples shows how the words alone are enough to make something real---whether it's a promise, an invitation, or a challenge. (Illocutionary acts can be grouped into common types or \"families\" based on what they're meant to accomplish. Philosopher John Searle identified different categories of illocutionary acts, each with its own purpose.) **1. Assertive** -- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition like boasting, suggesting, asserting, concluding, and swearing Example: I am still the best student in class. These statements describe the world or give information, such as stating, claiming, or reporting. **2. Directive** -- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action by way of commanding, requesting, begging, inviting, pleading, or insisting Example: Take me to that place. (This is through commands, requests, or suggestions intended to make the listener do something.) **3. Commissive** -- a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to future actions such as promising, planning, vowing, and betting Example: I will take you to school every day starting tomorrow. (Promises or commitments that show the speaker's intention to do something in the future.) **4. Expressive** -- a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions. Some examples of expressive acts are thanking, apologizing, welcoming, and deploring Example: I am so sorry for not wearing the complete uniform today.(Statements that express feelings or emotions, like apologies or congratulations.) **5. Declarative** -- a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in an external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence, or cause the state of affairs which they refer to. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, and bidding Example: You are fired! (Statements that change a situation or create a new reality by simply saying them. Often made by someone in authority example: Example: \"You are now married.\" **Perlocutionary Acts** A \*perlocutionary act\* is what happens to the listener after hearing something---it's the effect the words have on them. It could change how they feel, think, or act.For example:- If someone shouts, \"Fire!\" and the listener feels scared and runs, that fear and action are the perlocutionary effects.- If someone says, \"You're really smart!\" and the listener feels proud, that feeling is the perlocutionary effect. (In short, a perlocutionary act is all about how words make the listener react or feel.) **3. TYPES OF COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY** A white background with blue text Description automatically generated **A. Nomination**This is usually used at the beginning of the interaction to set the purpose of the conversation. The speaker tries to open a topic with the people he is talking to. One must present a particular topic clearly and truthfully. Example: -Good morning, class. How are you today? -Is it raining in your area? **B. Restriction** This is used in constraining the reaction or response within a define set of categories. This is useful when narrowing down a listener's response to an expected set of answers. This prevents the conversation from going off topic.Example: -We will have 30 minutes of online discussion regarding the topic on Pandemic and Mental Health. An additional 10 minutes will be allotted for your questions and related concerns. **C. Turn-taking** This strategy is used to establish and sustain a productive conversation. Turn taking is recognizing when and how to speak when it is one's turn. This requires each speaker to wait for the others to complete their turn talking. This strategy can be used to avoid participants talking over one another that may cause conflicts. Turn-taking provides persons equal opportunity to say their piece. Participants must watch out for the verbal and non-verbal cues that signal the next speaker that the previous speaker has finished talking. One may employ visual signals like a nod, a look, or a step back. Example: (Clicked the raise hand button) Can I please add something to the discussion? **D. Topic Control** This is a communicative strategy used in keeping the conversation going on by asking questions that requires a response from the listener. Topic control also allows the other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the conversation. Example: That was an excellent point, Arlene! How about the rest of the class? You may put your responses on the jamboard link found on the chat box, or you may simply click the raise hand button and share your thoughts. **E. Topic Shifting** This is defined as introducing a new topic followed by the continuation of that topic. Topic shifting is a strategy that works best when there is a follow through so that a new topic continues to be discussed. One may also use effective conversational transitions to indicate a shift.Examples: By the way, In addition to what I have already mentioned, It is dangerous to go out, especially that the Delta COVID-19 variant is here! But even if we practice physical distancing, we should not stop to socialize with our friends and family members via phone calls or social media applications. **F. Repair** This communicative strategy refers to overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages. Repair Communicative Strategy includes: **1. Requesting clarification** -- One may ask questions or use non-verbal communication such as eyebrows, eyes, head, hands, or shoulders to show that the message could not be understood. **2. Not acknowledging the new situation** -- The situation already in progress will continue. **3. Topic shifting** -- This can help direct the discussion to another topic or divert the attention of the listener from the topic that has become problematic. **4. Repeating** -- This is a good way of correcting oneself. **5. Recasting** -- This refers to changing the form of the message that could not be understood. Example: We definitely should practice social distancing, I mean, physical distancing to become safe during this pandemic. Can anyone restate the difference between these two terms? **G. Termination** This strategy ends the interaction by using verbal and nonverbal messages that the participants send to one another. Nonverbal may include a handshake or walking out. Example: -Thank you.... -Okay, all done... -See you later on our following online meeting schedule.