Understanding Speech Context, Speech Style, Speech Act, and Communicative Strategies PDF

Speech Context, Speech Style, Speech Act and Communicative Strategy Presented by: Charlene Anne Gargaritano TJ Matin Deniel Jan Tagacay GAME TIME Background Communication entails a delicate balancing in order to sustai...

Speech Context, Speech Style, Speech Act and Communicative Strategy Presented by: Charlene Anne Gargaritano TJ Matin Deniel Jan Tagacay GAME TIME Background Communication entails a delicate balancing in order to sustain connection and transact successfully. Each speech style - intimate, frozen, consultative, casual, or formal - or the way language is used, will greatly depend on the speakers’ relationship, the purpose of the conversation, and the speech context - dyad, small group, public, and mass communication - which, in turn, will also determine what type of utterance or speech act will be used. While communication is ongoing, communicative strategies such as repair, topic shifting, restriction, topic control, turn-taking, nomination, and termination, will be used to maintain the connection in order to successfully impart the message and achieve the purpose of communication.  by a sh ift in S pe e ch Factors affected le , S p e ec h A c t, a nd Context, Speech Sty Com m u nica ti v e St r a t eg y Language Form Duration of Interaction Relat ionship of Sp ea k e r sp on sib ility of Speaker Role and Re Message Delivery  Language Form This refers to the formality or informality of the language used and it involves the choice of words and how sentences are structured. Formal Informal Language Language is used when talking with professionals is used without much consideration of or persons in authority in a formal, rules of convention or etiquette. It is official or ceremonial occasion, casual and mostly not well-thought-of situation, gathering, or event. Talking or prepared because it is used to with a lawyer, a doctor, or even with communicate with people with whom your teacher often creates a formal you have close associations like ambiance in communication. parents, siblings, and friends. Duration of Interaction This refers to the amount of time a conversation takes between and among communicators.  Relationship of Speaker This refers to the speech style used by the speaker suited to his/her relationship to the person with whom he/she is communicating. Styles can be classified as: Intimate style the speaker talks to family members, best friends or romantic partners. This may comprise private conversations or personal interactions. Frozen style the speaker addresses an audience in a formal gathering such as ceremonial events, Eucharistic celebrations or even court hearings. The style is “set” or “fixed” and thus, it rarely or never changes. Audience feedback is not required. Consultative style the speaker communicates with a person whom he/she may have to clarify things, discuss a problem, or seek advice. Casual style the speaker shares close and personal information with friends, classmates or colleagues. This ordinarily occurs in everyday life. Formal style the speaker has to deliver a pre-planned or written speech to address a crowd of people such as giving opening remarks during a seminar, or the president making a public announcement or delivering SONA. Role and Responsibility of Speaker This refers to the role and responsibility of the speaker which will depend on the purpose and context of communication. The speaker may be a person who gives information and additional knowledge to another person or an audience, someone who convinces others for a cause, or an individual who provokes laughter for diversion and fun. Hence, his responsibility depends on his purpose for communication which may be to inform, to persuade, or to entertain  Message This involves the content of the message. The message may be facts, opinions, feelings, order, suggestions, and questions.  Delivery This refers to the manner of delivery involving verbal and nonverbal cues made by the speaker. Delivery can be classified as: Extemporaneous – speaking with limited preparation and guided by notes or outline; Impromptu – speaking without advanced preparation or unrehearsed speech; Memorized – planned and rehearsed speech; Manuscript – reading aloud a written message.  Communicative Competence To achieve communicative competence, we must consider the following: speech context speech style speech act communicative strategies.  SPEECH CONTEXT This accounts for the background and purpose of a discourse. Speech context assumes a more or less direct relationship between situational, societal, political, or cultural “environment” in which the communication transaction occurs. The type of audience, circumstances, and setting are taken into consideration. Speech context may be intrapersonal, interpersonal, or public.  Interpersonal Public Intrapersonal Communication Communication Communication addresses a large number of people. is communication with oneself. This kind of communication For example, when you discuss with a large It is the basic form of communication involves the transmission of group online the effects of COVID-19 and the where the ‘self’ is the only consideration. messages that is deliberately precautionary measures during the time of This is true in moments of self- the pandemic, you engage in public extended to others. Sharing your reflection or introspection when you communication. In this way, you experiences with a friend or communicate to a crowd of online viewers contemplate and internalize things that happened or may happen, or maybe discussing a topic within a group are and so your message may be heard by many. examples of interpersonal Another example of public communication is think of what may be done to solve a a leader emphatically persuading the people personal problem. communication. to support a cause in a mass gathering.  As communication changes its context, language form, choice of words, delivery, and duration of interaction are some of the factors that may also change. Various speaking engagements will always entail different environments, situations, or circumstances. The people that we talk to, the physical setting we find ourselves in, and the circumstances that surround the communication transaction may alter. And when it does, we as speakers may incorporate the necessary changes to adapt to the changed context.  SPEECH STYLE Another factor that affects the attainment of communicative competence is speech style. A person may choose what style or form of language to use in communicating with others; however, personal preferences may not work at all times. There are controlled instances when one may just go with the flow of the communicative process because that is what is required in the situation. Speech style has the following types: intimate, casual, consultative, formal, and frozen.  SPEECH STYLE Intimate communication happens between or among family members because they are bound by close affinity. There are things that are kept only within themselves that other people do not or cannot know. Intimate communication may be private or confidential. Friends and acquaintances often use casual communication. They feel comfortable and at ease with one another. They have no inhibitions to share their feelings because they consider their friends next to their family. They laugh without ceasing over not- so-funny things and at times, not even getting sensitive to one another’s criticisms.  SPEECH STYLE Consultative communication involves giving advice, as in a guidance counselor and a client who needs it. It can also occur between a doctor and his patient or parents who consult with a teacher about their child’s academic performance. The President delivering his SONA and a principal presenting a school’s financial report to teachers, parents, and other stakeholders are both examples of formal communication. This type of communication is well-planned in terms of structure, sequence, and coherence of ideas.  SPEECH STYLE Finally, those activities that are not changeable in nature fall under the frozen type of communication. Saying a prayer like Our Lord’s Prayer or the Hail Mary and reciting the Patriotic Oath during flag ceremonies are just two examples. These are routinely done and may only be changed once amended in the Philippine constitution. Frozen communication is set and it is very rarely or almost never altered.  When you communicate, you naturally adjust your words based on who you're talking to. The way you speak to younger siblings will be very different from how you converse with your parents, who have authority over you. Similarly, your language will shift when speaking with a sidewalk vendor or a doctor, depending on the context of your class tasks. As in context, a change in speech style also causes other factors in the communication process to change. This is because we try to adapt our style or language form depending on the degree of formality and familiarity that we have with our audience.  SPEECH ACT Speech act refers not only to the utterance (Locutionary act) but also to the intention (Illocutionary Act) and response (Perlocutionary Act) to a specific situation for an intended discourse impact. The choice of words to use has to be considered to suit the need of the occasion or the kinds of audience to be addressed. This is also done to help express the intention of the speaker and to elicit a response from the listener.  SPEECH ACT In linguistics, a speech act refers not only to a word or group of words spoken by a person but also to the action that is elicited from the audience due to the words spoken. For example, the question, “May I use your pen?” is considered a speech act because the speaker’s desire to use another person’s pen is expressed while also seeking permission to use it. The actual saying of the words or the utterance of “May I use your pen?” is the locutionary act, the implied request of “Can you hand me your pen so I may use it” is the illocutionary act, and the actual handing over of the pen as permitted or given by the owner of the pen is the perlocutionary act.  SPEECH ACT Indeed, people may be able to accomplish many things with words and may be able to change status, relationships, and commitments. As in single word expressions, people may make promises by simply saying “me” or may break hearts by simply muttering “No.” Henceforth, a tactful word choice is necessary knowing how words may easily be misunderstood. In total, speech acts are part of people’s day to day transactions. They are commonplace. Words that we have for a specific purpose or intention have to be expressed. Otherwise, no transaction or negotiation can occur. COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES Imagine that you are the class president and are the one presiding a meeting. In the middle of the discussion, a heated argument as to where the class fund goes takes place. What would you do? To begin a conversation and keep it going, we should employ strategies that will help maintain its smooth flow. You may consider nomination wherein you as the class president or your classmates suggest a topic or agenda to talk about. Nomination starts the conversation process. You also put restriction or limitation on the topic to be discussed to meet the arranged and allotted time. Turn-taking is where you employ rules of engagement regarding the procedure or sequence of each participant’s turn to talk. This also refers to the alternate turns that speakers adapt when having a conversation. Topic control is making sure that the discussions remain in the confines of the agenda. This may be hard to achieve but it is possible through the cooperation of all the attendees of a group meeting or of all participants in the discussion. Everybody should ensure that the conversation will not veer away from what has been planned. Topic shifting makes the transition from one topic to another occur smoothly. This happens when one discussant manages to move to the next topic subtly. Before the meeting is adjourned, you may repair or fix all the problems that arouse in the course of the meeting by answering all the questions and clarifying the attendees’ understanding of the agenda discussed. The termination is the last part of the process where the meeting is successfully ended. These various communicative strategies may be employed by speakers in order to keep the conversation moving forward. In sum, the shift in speech context, speech style, speech act, and communicative strategy is always probable. The roller coaster ride of intermingling scenarios allows causes and effects to surface, too. To achieve a successful communication transaction, these factors all need to be taken into careful consideration. Elements that are affected by a shift in the communicative processes: 1. language form which could shift from formal to informal and vice versa 2. the duration or the length of communication which could be shortened or lengthened depending on how the conversation will be maintained 3. the relationship of the speaker to the receiver of the message that could be intimate, frozen, consultative, casual, or formal 4. the role and responsibility of the speaker, the message and its delivery which could vary depending on the context and purpose of communication THANK YOU ASSESSMENT TIME 1. THE PROGRAM’S MASTER OF CEREMONY STATED, “WE ARE ABOUT TO START THE PROGRAM IN LESS THAN A MINUTE.” IDENTIFY THE SPEECH ACT USED. A. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT C. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT B. LOCUTIONARY ACT D. NONE OF THE ABOVE 2. THE TEACHER CALLED DREI TO TELL THE ANSWER FOR ITEM NUMBER 5. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH ACT USED. A. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT C. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT B. LOCUTIONARY ACT D. NONE OF THE ABOVE 3. THIRDIE ASKS HIS CLASSMATES TO SIT DOWN. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH ACT USED. A. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT C. PERLOCUTIONARY ACT B. LOCUTIONARY ACT D. NONE OF THE ABOVE 4. “ANA, WILL YOU PLEASE LEAD THE CLASS IN RECITING THE PATRIOTIC OATH,” MS. SANCHEZ SAID. TELL THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FROZEN B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 5. “I PROMISE TO MAKE UP WITH YOU THE NEXT TIME,” NICA TOLD HER BEST FRIEND MARY. WHAT IS THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FROZEN B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 6. “I REGRET NOT BEING THERE WHEN YOU NEED SOMEONE TO TALK TO.” MAX SAID TO HIS LITTLE BROTHER, BRAN. TELL THE CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FROZEN B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 7. THE DELEGATES WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR INTEREST AND WERE GIVEN TOPICS TO DISCUSS WITH THEIR MEMBERS DURING THE CONVENTION. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH CONTEXT. A. INTERPESONAL C. MASS COMMUNICATION B. INTRAPERSONAL D. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 8. SPOKESPERSON HARRY ROQUE SHARED IMPORTANT INFORMATION DURING THE PRESS BRIEFING LAST FRIDAY ON NATIONAL TELEVISION. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH CONTEXT. A. INTERPESONAL C. MASS COMMUNICATION B. INTRAPERSONAL D. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 9. ALFRED WAS INVITED AS A RESOURCE SPEAKER ON MENTAL HEALTH AWARENESS 2020 DURING THE 3RD ANNUAL YOUTH CONVENTION IN STA. CRUZ, LAGUNA. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH CONTEXT. A. INTERPESONAL C. MASS COMMUNICATION B. INTRAPERSONAL D. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 10. A COUPLE OFFICIALLY ANNOUNCES THEIR ENGAGEMENT TO THEIR IMMEDIATE FAMILY DURING DINNER. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FORMAL B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 11. A GROUP OF STUDENT-DELEGATES FROM CEBU CONVERSED WITH THEIR VERNACULAR DURING THE NATIONAL FESTIVAL OF TALENTS IN ISABELA. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FORMAL B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 12. THE MAGISTRATE GIVES HIS VERDICT TO THE ACCUSED AFTER A SERIES OF COURT TRIALS. IDENTIFY THE SPEECH STYLE USED. A. CASUAL C. FORMAL B. CONSULTATIVE D. INTIMATE 13. MARIA NEEDS TO LEAVE THE GROUP CHAT FOR SHE STILL HAS SOME IMPORTANT TASKS TO DO, SO SHE TYPED “GOT TO GO, BYE”. IDENTIFY THE COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY USED. A. NOMINATION C. TOPIC SHIFTING B. TERMINATING D. TURN-TAKING 14. TEACHER MERCY GAVE EACH STUDENT A CHANCE TO SPEAK DURING THE PRESENTATION, ONE AT A TIME. IDENTIFY THE COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY USED. A. NOMINATION C. TOPIC SHIFTING B. TERMINATING D. TURN-TAKING 15. THE TEACHER INTRODUCED A NEW LESSON AFTER GIVING A REVIEW OF THE PREVIOUS DISCUSSION. IDENTIFY THE COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY USED. A. NOMINATION C. TOPIC SHIFTING B. TERMINATING D. TURN-TAKING  ANSWER KEY 1. C 6. D 11. A 2. A 7. A 12. C 3. A 8. C 13. B 4. C 9. D 14. D 5. A 10. D 15. C