Chapter 8 Key Words PDF

key words absentmindedness lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else acoustic encoding input of sounds, words, and music amnesia loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical...

key words absentmindedness lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else acoustic encoding input of sounds, words, and music amnesia loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma anterograde amnesia loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma arousal theory strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories Atkinson-Shiffrin model memory model that states we process information through three systems: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory automatic processing encoding of informational details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words bias how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events blocking memory error in which you cannot access stored information chunking organizing information into manageable bits or chunks construction formulation of new memories declarative memory type of long-term memory of facts and events we personally experience effortful processing encoding of information that takes effort and attention elaborative rehearsal thinking about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory encoding input of information into the memory system engram physical trace of memory episodic memory type of declarative memory that contains information about events we have personally experienced, also known as autobiographical memory key words 1  equipotentiality hypothesis some parts of the brain can take over for damaged parts in forming and storing memories explicit memory memories we consciously try to remember and recall false memory syndrome recall of false autobiographical memories flashbulb memory exceptionally clear recollection of an important event forgetting loss of information from long-term memory implicit memory memories that are not part of our consciousness levels of processing information that is thought of more deeply becomes more meaningful and thus better committed to memory long-term memory (LTM) continuous storage of information memory set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time memory-enhancing strategy technique to help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory misattribution memory error in which you confuse the source of your information misinformation effect paradigm after exposure to additional and possibly inaccurate information, a person may misremember the original event mnemonic device memory aids that help organize information for encoding persistence failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones proactive interference old information hinders the recall of newly learned information procedural memory type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim recall accessing information without cues recognition identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue reconstruction process of bringing up old memories that might be distorted by new information key words 2  rehearsal repetition of information to be remembered relearning learning information that was previously learned retrieval act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness retroactive interference information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information retrograde amnesia loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma self-reference effect tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance semantic encoding input of words and their meaning semantic memory type of declarative memory about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts sensory memory storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes short-term memory (STM) holds about seven bits of information before it is forgotten or stored, as well as information that has been retrieved and is being used storage creation of a permanent record of information suggestibility effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories transience memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time visual encoding input of images key words 3