Introduction to Human Anatomy PDF

Introduction to Human Anatomy By: Dr. Layla M. Salih Lec.1 Textbook Human Anatomy 9e by Marieb, Mallatt & Wilhelm Lab manual: Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections, Marieb E., Wilhelm P., & Mallatt J., Pearson Education Limited, 9th edition....

Introduction to Human Anatomy By: Dr. Layla M. Salih Lec.1 Textbook Human Anatomy 9e by Marieb, Mallatt & Wilhelm Lab manual: Human Anatomy Laboratory Manual with Cat Dissections, Marieb E., Wilhelm P., & Mallatt J., Pearson Education Limited, 9th edition. 2 Assessment: Course workload, Midterm and Final Exam Exams are multiple-choice, Midterm 25% true/false, fill-in-the-blank, Final Exam 50% short answer/critical Course workload 25% thinking questions. 100% They are based on Course workload= quizzes+presentation+assignments+participatio material covered during n/ attendance lectures and readings of The final exam is cumulative textbook. 3 Tips on How to Succeed in Anatomy Approach information in different ways - groups Set up a study schedule Devote time daily Attend all lectures and labs Read your lecture notes and textbook shortly after class Seek assistance if you have a problem 4 An Overview of Anatomy Anatomy- ”a cutting open”, the study of structure and shape (form) of the body and body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology-the study of how the body and its parts work or function Body parts form a unit and each part must work properly so the body can work as a whole organism 5 An Overview of Anatomy Subdisciplines of anatomy Gross anatomy Other branches of anatomy Regional anatomy Developmental anatomy Systemic anatomy Embryology Surface anatomy Pathological anatomy (pathology) Microscopic anatomy (histology) Radiographic anatomy Functional morphology 6 Levels of Structural Organization The human body consists of several levels of structural organization that are associated with one another All living things, including humans, are organized from simple to complex 7 The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Chemical level Atoms form molecules Cellular level Cells and their functional subunits Tissue level A group of cells performing a common function Organ level A discrete structure made up of more than one tissue Organ system level Organs working together for a common purpose Organismal level The result of all simpler levels working in union 8 Chemical/Molecular level Cellular level Smallest components; atoms Cells are the smallest unit Oxygen (O), carbon (C), capable of sustaining life hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) They are the basic structural Atoms can combine to form and functional units of an molecules Protein, fats, carbohydrates, and organism nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) Contain organelles (e.g. Molecules combine to form nucleus, mitochondria) the next level 9 Tissue Level Cells unite to form tissues Specialized groups of cells which work together for the same purpose 4 tissue types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Organ Level Tissues may function together to form organs Specific structure and function e.g. stomach, liver, heart, lungs 10 Organ System Level Organs working together form the organ system level (digestive, reproductive) Multiple organs working together for the same purpose Organismal Level All systems work together to maintain the organism, which is the final, most complex, level 11 Recognizing connections between structural levels leads to better understanding of organismal function. 12 Systems of the Human Body Integumentary Skeletal System System ❏ Protects and ❏ Forms external body supports body covering ❏ Protects deeper organs tissues from injury ❏ Provides a ❏ Synthesizes vitamin D framework for ❏ Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, muscles pressure, etc.) and ❏ Blood cells formed sweat and oil glands within bones ❏ Stores minerals 13 Systems of the Human Body Muscular System Nervous System ❏ Allows manipulation of ❏ Fast-acting control environment system ❏ Locomotion ❏ Responds to internal ❏ Facial expression and external changes ❏ Maintains posture ❏ Produces heat 14 Systems of the Human Body Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Glands secrete hormones that ❏ Blood vessels transport blood regulate: ❏ Blood carries oxygen and carbon Growth dioxide; it also carries nutrients Reproduction and wastes Nutrient use ❏ Heart pumps blood through blood vessels 15 Systems of the Human Body Lymphatic System and Respiratory System Immunity ❏ Keeps blood supplied with ❏ Picks up fluid leaked from oxygen blood vessels ❏ Removes carbon dioxide ❏ Disposes of debris in the ❏ Gas exchange occurs through lymphatic system walls of air sacs in the lungs ❏ Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) ❏ Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body 16 Systems of the Human Body Digestive System Urinary System ❏ Breaks down food into ❏ Eliminates nitrogenous wastes absorbable units ❏ Regulates water, electrolyte, and ❏ Indigestible foodstuffs acid-base balance eliminated as feces 17 Systems of the Human Body Male & Female Reproductive Systems Overall function of both is to produce offspring Male-Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones Female-Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones Mammary glands produce milk 18 Gross Anatomy—An Introduction Anatomical Position is a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference A common visual reference point This allows for communication across all fields of health care Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body 19 Gross Anatomy—An Introduction Regional and directional terms are always with reference to anatomical position Regional terms Axial region-Axis of body; head, neck, and trunk Appendicular region-Appendages Standard directional terms Are used by professionals to describe location of one body part in relation to another 20 Regional Terms -Use a common terminology for body parts -Named for bone, muscle or region of the body -Used as a reference -Some examples (note-these are testable) Anterior Posterior Axillary – armpit Calcaneal – heel Brachial – arm Cervical – neck Cephalic – head Inguinal – groin Vertebral – spinal cord Oral – mouth Occipital – back of head Pelvic – pelvis Gluteal – buttock Thoracic – chest Popliteal – back of knee Umbilical – navel 21 Regional and Directional Terms Directional terms are used to explain precise location of body structure in relation to another body structure Terms are paired with opposite Superior/inferior Anterior/posterior Medial/lateral Superficial/deep 22 Directional Terms Superior=towards the head aka cranial Supine – lying face up in The head is superior to the abdomen anatomical position Prone – lying face down in Inferior=away from the head aka caudal anatomical position The intestines are inferior to the liver 23 Directional Terms Proximal=closer to attachment (joint) Anterior=towards the front The elbow is proximal to the wrist aka ventral The sternum is anterior to the heart Distal=farther from attachment (joint) Posterior=towards the back Used with reference to limbs aka dorsal The knee is distal to the thigh The vertebra is posterior to the heart 24 Directional Terms Lateral=away from midline The thumb is lateral to the pinky. Medial=toward midline The heart is medial to the lungs Intermediate=between 25 Directional Terms Superficial=toward body surface The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles Deep=away from body surface The bones are deep to the skin 26 27 28  Q1/The head is __________ to the abdomen. a. inferior b. medial c. proximal d. Superior Q2/The cervical region is __________. a) superior to the cephalic region b) lateral to the acromial area c) inferior to the cephalic region d) not a region of the body 29  Ventral: T-A-P Body Cavities Thoracic Abdominal Pelvic 30 Serous cavities & membrane Slit-like space lined by a serous membrane pleura, pericardium, & peritoneum Parietal serosa: outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa: covers visceral organs 31 Serous Membranes The names of the serous membranes depend on their locations i.e.: Peritoneum-the serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs Pleura-the serosa covering the lungs in the thoracic cavity Pericardium-the serosa covering the heart in the thoracic cavity 32 33