21st Century Literature PDF

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Philippines was alive with the sounds of LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY storytelling, where communities sphathered HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL T...

21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Philippines was alive with the sounds of LESSON 1: PHILIPPINE LITERARY storytelling, where communities sphathered HISTORY FROM PRE-COLONIAL TO to share tales of heroes, nature, and the spirit CONTEMPORARY PERIOD world. Ancestors expressed their beliefs and values through rich oral traditions, weaving their experiences into poetry and songs. LITERATURE - way of using words to express ideas 1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD (Early and feelings Times - 1564) - showing us different perspectives and experiences Characteristics: - not just a collection of texts; it is Rich traditions, unique religous shaped by the culture and values of beliefs the time it was written Barangay-based; led by datu or chief - can change over time as society Informal education through imitation changes and practice Forms of Literature: Antonio Soria de Veyra’s essay ( Defining Epics: “Biag ni Lam-ang”, Literature) “Hinilawod” - how literature reflects the values, Legends: “Alamat ng Dama De beliefs, and experiences of diff Noche” groups of po, throughout history Riddles: “Kalinoin na lubi, nag-iidos kun banggi.” Epic - long narrative poem, recounting Proverbs: “Ang kalusugan ay deeds of legendary heroes kayamanan.” Legends - unverifiable story, accepted as Common Themes and Genre historical, alamat Moral tales, community, pre-colonial Riddles - superficial statements, figurative, culture battle of wits Proverbs - sayings, embodies moral precept 2. SPANISH PERIOD (1565-1897) or admitted truth, imparts lesson Corrido o awit - ballad, lyrics that narrates Characteristics: historical events Introduction of Roman Alphabet & Zarzuela - musical theatre printing Bilingual literary medium (Spanish THE HISTORY OF PHILIPPINE and Tagalog) LITERATURE Forms of Literature:  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Corrido and Awit: “Florante at 1936, Philippine Writers League was Laura” formed Zarzuela and Recreational Plays: “Duplo”, “Moro-moro” Forms of Literature Religious Works: “Ang Mahal na short stories: “Dead Stars” by Paz Pasion” Marquez Benitez Common Themes and Genre: poetry and novels: “Footnote to THEMES: religion, morality, Youth” by Jose Garcia Villa colonialism Common Themes and Genre GENRES: religious, literature, Identity, freedom, local color poetry, narrative songs 5. JAPANESE PERIOD (1946-1985) 3. NATIONALISTIC PERIOD Characteristics: Characteristics: Influence of Japanese occupation and nationalism, promotion of Filipino censorship language Revival of writing in Filipino educ open to more Filipinos, not just languages the elite-intelligentsia Forms of Literature: Forms of Literature: Poetry: Haiku, Karaniwang Anyo, Propaganda literature Tanaga Political essays and poems: Short Stories and Essays: Reflecting “Diaryong Tagalog”, “La war and patriotism Solidaridad” All publications were banned except Themes of freedom and Tribune and Philippine Review independence Common Themes and Genre: Common Themes and Genre survival, nationalism, cultural Patriotism, social justice, identity anti-colonialism Samples: “Bonsai” 4. AMERICAN PERION (1898-1945) Alberto S. Florante - Cadaver Characteristics: Introduction of English language and Literary Giants new literary styles Reformed education system and Japanese occupation led to a transformation increased opportunities in Philippine literature, giving rise to new Free education, Filipinos studied voices and themes that showed the strength English and creativity of Filipino writers during a tough time  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Jealousy, self-acceptance, family, A. Palanca Awards dreams, perseverance I. Jose Garcia Villa Samples: II. Nick Joaquin “Bakit Baliktad Magbasa ng Libro III. NVM Gonzales ang mga Pilipino?” by Bob Ong. IV. Bienvenido Santos V. Gregorio Brillantes LESSON 2: CANONICAL AUTHORS VI. Gilda Cordero Fernand FROM DIFFERENT REGIONS B. National Artist Awards CANONICAL AUTHORS OF THE I. Jose Garcia Villa PHILIPPINES II. Nick Joaquin These authors shaped the nation’s identitty 6. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD and culture through their works, which (1986-PRESENT) (POST EDSA) reflect the struggles, dreams, and aspirations Characteristics: of the Filipino ppl Diverse voices and styles reflecting modern Filipino society Canon - collection of literary works Forms of Literature: Canonical - works that are widely accepted Creative Writing: workshops and Author - a writer of a literary work academic programs Common Themes and Genre: National Artists - Filipino citizens who have Human rights, poverty, nationalism, been given the rank and title in recognition and feminism of his/her significant contributions to the Samples: development of Phil arts and letters “The Very Last of Huli” by Lilian - not just exclusive to writers. It also Quindoza Santiago includes artists in different fields 7. CONTEMPORARY PERIOD Canonical Authors - writers whose highly (1986-PRESENT) (21ST) respected in their field, because of their widely accepted and significant works. Characteristics: - They set the standard for the future Works written and published from writers 2000 onwards Forms of Literature: LUZON’S CANONICAL AUTHORS Poetry and Prose: Epics, tragedy, comedy, creative, nonfiction Bienvenido L. Lumbera (R 4A, born Common Themes and Genre: 1932)  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Filipino poet, crtitic, and dramatist “Revolt from Hymen” and National Artist of the Philippines “Querida”, which delve into themes recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay of love, loss, identity, and the Award for Journalism societal roles of women National Book Foundation’s National Book Award and the Carlos CANONICAL AUTHORS FROM Palanca Memorial Awards VIZAYAS as Revaluation: Essays on Literature, Cinema, and Popular Culture; Home of the hybrid form (they do Pedagogy; Philippine Literature: A not stick in one form of literature) History and Anthology; mixed with new terms and genres Rediscovery: Essays in Philippine mostly depicting social realities Life and Culture; Filipinos Writing: Philippine Literature from the PETER SOLIS NERY Regions; and Paano Magbasa ng Hiligaynon pride from Iloilo is an Panitikang Filipino: Mga Babasahing award-winning Filipino poet, Pangkolehiyo. fictionist, and author of various books. Luahlhati Torres Bautista recipient of multiple awards from the Contemporary writer of Tagalog Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for fiction from Tondo, Manila Literature, the Cultural Center of the leading Filipino female novelist Philippines (CCP) Literary Grand, “Dekada ‘70” and “Bata, bata, Pa’no and the All-Western Visayas Literary Ka Ginawa” Contest of the National Commission Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for for Culture and the Arts (NCCA). Literature Umanhon nga Gugma (Love of the Rural Folks), Hiligaynon short story Angela Manalang-Gloria “Lirio” and screenplay “Buyong”. A pivotal figure in the Philippines, particularly in the realm of MERLIE ALUNAN English-language poetry another pride of Iloilo marked by lyrical beauty and known for her award-winning poetry emotional depth, have curved out a collections in English and Cebuano, significant place in the literary including "Susumaton: Oral history of the Phil Narratives of Leyte" and "Sa Atong “Poems” (1940), stands as a Dila, Introduction to Visayan testament to her literary prowess Literature," which earned her the  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer National Book Award in 2016 and Philippines Press, 2015), "Almost 2017 and the Carlos Palanca Awards. Home: Poems" (University of the received international recognition, Philippines Press, 2004), and "The such as the ASEAN Poets Award in River Singing Stone" (Anvil, 1994). 2013 by the Kingdom of Thailand Her poetry is published in both the and the Lillian Jerome Thornton Philippines and the United States. Award. This lesson highlights how these authors CANONICAL AUTHORS FROM help us understand the rich heritage of MINDANAO Philippine literature and history. Most of the literary works are under They make reading more relatable by oral traditions (epics, folk stories, writing about issues and experiences during folk poetry the time it was written, like the struggles, Santos (2009) - “Literature of dreams, and hopes of the Filipino ppl Mindanao has its own unique which enables us to reflect and connect it landscape, distinct from that of with today's happenings. Luzon and the Visayas, and marked by its peculiar history and tripeople LESSON 3: 21ST CENTURY character”. LITERARY GENRES IN PHILIPPINE Reflects what happen in their LITERATURE tradition or culture ANTHONY L. TAN born in Siasi, Sulu poet, essayist, and fictionist The Bajao Cemetery and Other Poems and Poems for Muddas. received multiple awards from Don Carlos Palanca for his poetry and essay. MERLIE ALUNAN poet from Cagayan de Oro received the Oregon Literary Fellowship for poetry. “Memory’s Mercy: New and 21st Genres Selected Poems" (University of the  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer 4. Digi-fiction 1. Hyperpoetry - read, view, navigate - cyber poetry - reader has to select hyperlinks or - could not be presented without the control (such as tapping) computer - has animations, moving images, - has hypertext, sometimes photos sound effects - the reader interacts 2. Mobile Textula - poetry genre mastered by Frank 5. Flash Fiction Rivera - very short pieces of fictional - poems written and read on mobile literature phones - extreme brevity that still offers - traces its origin to traditional tagalog character and plot development form poetry called Tanaga - 4 lines, 7 syllables Sub-categories: - via SMS, TEXT a. Flash Fiction - 1,500 max words b. Sudden Fiction - 750 max words c. Twitterature - 280 max words d. Drabble (microfiction) - 100 max words e. Dribble (minisaga) - 50 max words f. Six word short story - any story with a single-digit word count 6. Doodle - doodle drawings, handwritten graphics, traditional font - may be presented printed 7. Blogs, Emails, Instant Messaging 3. Illustrated or Graphic Novels Novels - presented in traditional form - almost entirely in dialogue - more on illustration - social network exchange - some may contain no text at all - comics 8. Chick Lit - narrative work in which the story is - addresses issues of modern conveyed using comic form womanhood - often humorously and light-heartedly  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Deuteragonist - supporting, second 9. Creative Non-fiction in importance - uses literary styles and techniques to Typical or minor - all other create factually accurate narratives character in the story - joins literary art, fiction, poetry w research SETTING - physical and social context in which the action of a story occurs (when and Types of CNF: where) a. Memoir b. Personal Essay Major Elements: time, place, social c. Short Story environment d. Lyric Essay e. Literary Journalism CONFLICT - struggle or complication - there is conflict if there is a struggle 10. Spoken Word Poetry which grows out of the interplay of - poetry performed for an audience opposing forces. - heavy use of rhythm, improvisation, free association rhymes, rich poetic Types of Conflict phrases, word play, and slang 1. Internal Conflict - man vs himself 11. Speculative Fiction 2. Interpersonal Conflict - man vs - the setting is futuristic man - involves supernatural elements 3. External Conflict - man vs society - horror and sci-fi works PLOT - sequence of events ELEMENTS OF FICTION AND - what happens as a result of the main POETRY conflict is presented in a structured format CHARACTERS - representation of human Narrative Order - the sequence of beings events - could be a person, animal, being, - events are introduced within creature, or thing a narrative or presentation of Round - had character development the timeline data Flat - also known as Chronological - most common in stock/stereotype, character remains children’s books the same - date-based sequence in which Protagonist - main character events actually occur Antagonist - opposition/enemy  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer a. Exposition - beginning, background infos, introduction b. Complication - rising action, unfolds the problems and struggles that leads to crisis c. Climax - the result of the crisis, where the problem or the conflict is the highest peak of interest. d. Denouement - untying of the entangled knots, problem is solved e. Resolution - end, last statements about the story Flashback - narrates an event that took place before the current time of SENSE - meaning or message of the poem the story (past) wants to convey - further explain a story or - exact reason why the poem was character with background composed information and memories FIGURED OF SPEECH Time Lapse - the story skips a period of time that seems unusual a. Simile - comparing two compared to the rest of the plot things, “like”, “us” b. Metaphor - direct THEMES - the central or dominating idea comparision of two - not directly stated; implied c. Personification - gives human traits to inanimate SYMBOLISM - uses symbols and abstract objects or ideas ideas to represent something beyond the d. Apostrophe - direct address literal meaning to someone absent, dead, - to convey things to their inanimate readers poetically or e. Metonymy - substitutes a indirectly rather than having word that closely relates to a to say them outright person or a thing f. Synecdoche - uses a part to ELEMENTS OF POETRY represent a whole  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer g. Hyperbole - makes use of the five senses when one comes across with exaggeration for emphasis such words and effect - to use figurative language to h. Irony - contrast between represent objects, actions and ideas what is said and what is in such a way that it appeals to our meant physical senses i. Allusion - any literary, - creates visual representation of ideas biblical, historical, in our minds mythological, scientific - mental pictures event, character, or place j. Antithesis - involves a SOUND - the tone and melody or rhythm or contrast of words or ideas the words created as we read or recite the k. Paradox - phrase or poem. statement that on the surface seems contradictor but makes a. Tone Color - alliteration, some kind of emotional sense assonance, consonance, rhyme, l. Litotes - deliberate repetition, anaphora. understatement used to affirm b. Rhythm - ordered recurrent by negating its opposite alternation of strong and weak m. Oxymoron - two elements in the flow of the sound contradictory terms in one and silence: duple, triple, running or statement common rhyme. - words or phrases in c. Meter - stress, duration, or number which conflicting or of syllables per line, fixed metrical opposite terms are pattern, or a verse form used together d. Rhyme Scheme - formal - arrangement of rhymes in a stanza or CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION - the whole poem. The words used by the poet in crafting the poetry are not used in their literal sense of STRUCTURE - arrangement of words and the word lines to fit together - suggested or implied meaning associated with the word beyond its a. Word order- natural and unnatural denotation or dictionary meaning of arrangements of words such word b. Ellipsis- Omitting some words for economy and effect. IMAGERY - use of sensory details or c. Punctuation- abundance or lack of descriptions that appeal to one or more of punctuation marks  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer d. Shape - contextual and visual the world the author lived in (events, designs; jumps, omission of spaces, ideologies, culture, lifestyle etc.) capitalization, lower case. - to understand "the world behind the text" 3. Biographical Approach - the life, LESSON 4: LITERARY CRITICISMS beliefs, and experiences of the authors are used to better understand and Literary - concerned/connected with the interpret the work writing, study, or appreciation of literature 4. Feminist Approach - focuses on female Criticism - analysis or judgment of the merits representation in literature, paying and faults os and faults of a work attention to female points of view, Literary Criticism - study, discussion, concerns, and values evaluation, and interpretation of literature underlying assumptions: Critic - someone who does the - Western society is pervasively interpretation/critique patriarchal, male-centered, and controlled; LITERARY CRITICISM - the concept of gender is socially constructed; - “lenses” 5. Reader-Response Approach - the - different perspectives we consider in meaning of a text depends upon the analyzing a text readers’ response. hence, diff readers - act of interpreting and studying may derive completely different literature interpretations. - to broaden a reader’s understanding of - focuses on how readers are actively an author’s work by summarizing, engaged in the creation of meaning in a interpreting, and exploring its value. text 6. Marxist Approach - examines the LITERARY APPROACHES relationship of a literary product to the actual economic and social reality of its 1. Formalist Approach - focuses on time and place including: analyzing the literary elements, literary Class Stratification- certain tasks in devices, structure, and language (the society are more valuable than others style of writing) and how they work Class relations- concerns the authority together relationships based on property - analysis of grammar, word choice, and ownership syntax Dominant ideology- the rich vs poor 2. Historical Approach - investigating the issues social, cultural, and intellectual context - to understand how POWER, POLITICS, that produced it as the context that and MONEY play a role in literary texts necessarily includes the artist’s 7. Queer Approach - focuses on how the biography and milieu (understanding of books talk about gender and sexuality,  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer and how they make people think about - specific way of life, including these things religion, race, nationality, food, - started in the 1990s, building on ideas clothing, and manner from feminism - connects with social, historical, and - to find different stories and ideas in ideological contexts story that are not always seen as normal 4. Ideological Context - uses ideas from many different fields, like cultural studies, gender studies, and - beliefs and ideas that shape attitudes activism and behaviors - can be "invisible" because our own beliefs are often internalized and LESSON 5: CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS accepted as normal, influencing our assumptions and social norms Context - circumstances that surround an event, statement, or idea CONTEXTUAL CRITICISM - method - the different situations where various used in examining and interpreting data, factors come together texts, or visual materials by considering their historical and cultural backgrounds. It's important to consider the author's context, which might be quite different from LITERARY CRITICISM yours. APPROACHES Types of Context 1. Historical Context and New Historicism 1. Social Context - New Historicism highlights the - involves the societal features that importance of understanding the affect its meaning (which the historical context in which a literary characters live and the society in work was created. which the author wrote the text) - looks at how historical events, 2. Historical Context cultural norms, and social conditions - closely linked to social context, as shape the text and its themes social norms and conventions change 2. Social Context and Marxism over time - Marxist Criticism focuses on the - consider historical context when social and economic conditions there have been significant changes shown in a work, exploring class since the work was created struggles, power dynamics, and 3. Cultural Context material conditions 3. Cultural Context and Post-colonial Criticism  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer - Postcolonial Criticism investigates 2. GRAPHIC - 2D figure/illus, could the cultural context of a work, be produced manually or by especially regarding colonial history computer graphics technology and its effects on societies and - to clearly show what particular identities information is all about (diagrams, 4. Ideological Context, Feminist, and pictures). Queer Theories 3. AUDIO - produced by vibration, - Feminist Criticism looks at how perceived by the sense of hearing gender roles, power structures, and - could come in speech, sound effects, patriarchy influence the text. and music scores - Queer Theory explores how sexual 4. ANIMATION - illusion of motion identity and orientation are created by the display of images of represented in the text. static elements - to further enhance/enrich the user's LESSON 6: LITERARY TEXTS IN experience to understand the MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION information conveyed to them 5. VIDEO - the technology of capturing, recording, processing, Multimedia - broad term for combining transmitting, and reconstructing multiple media formats moving pictures. - ex: combined text, audio, animations - more toward photo-realistic image - combines text, graphics, sound, sequence/live recording than animation, and video delivered animation interactively to the user by electronic - needs a lot of storage space or digitally manipulated means Electronic literature - works created TEXT & GRAPHICS exclusively on and for digital devices, such as computers, tablets, and mobile phones. 1. Slideshow or Presentation - series of pictures/pages of info 5 ELEMENTS OF MULTIMEDIA (slides) often displayed on large screen using video projector 1. TEXT - broad term for something - Slide shows can even be copied onto that contains words to express a DVD and played in a standard something DVD player instead of a computer - most essential element of multimedia - Used in contents, menus, and navigational buttons.  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer - visual representation of information or data - collection of imagery, charts, and minimal text that gives an easy-to-understand topic overview. 2. PREZI - presentation tool, alternative from traditional slide-making (ex: PowerPoint) - uses one large canvas that can be pan and zoom to its various parts - supports the use of text, images, and videos and also provides a collection of templates 5. POWTOON - free online tool for creating animated videos - tool for business presentations, school projects, and personal animated videos - drag-and- drop tools on the website 3. DIAGRAM require no previous animation - symbolic representation of info using experience. visualization techniques - uses 3D visualization then projected AUDIO onto a 2D surface - graph = diagram 1. PODCAST - digital audio or video files or recording 4. INFOGRAPHICS  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer VIDEO literary work into new form/medium while maintaining its core essence and themes. 1. Screen Capture - can involve changing format, - image of the data displayed modernizing to make the story more - screenshot relevant to contemporary audience - taking a written work and 2. Lecture Capture reimagining it in a way that resonates - umbrella term describing any with new audiences or fits different technology that allows to record media. lectures and make it avail online - allows for the original narrative to - Panopto, TechSmith Relay, and reach broader audiences and can Sonic Foundry's Media site introduce new interpretations and layers of meaning to the story. 3. Talking Head - informal term to describe the Relevance of Adapting Literary Texts into widespread shot of a TV presenter or Various Formats other personality talking directly to the audience ACCESSIBILITY - someone who - only upper body or head visible might not enjoy reading a novel (usually mid-shot or medium might appreciate watching a film close-up) adaptation ENGAGEMENT - younger 4. Animation audiences who are accustomed to - technique that creates an illusion of visual and digital media movement when the movie is shown INTERPRETATION - adaptation as a sequence can offer a new perspective or interpretation of the original work CULTURAL RELEVANCE - LESSON 7: CREATIVE ADAPTATION Modern adaptations can update older OF A LITERARY TEXT texts to make them more relevant to contemporary issues and societal changes Literary Adaptation - composition rewritten in reworking something familiar, Novel/short story to a stage play = requires and accomplishes something new playwright A play rewritten as a story = it calls upon a Creative Adaptation - process of writer reinterpreting and transforming an existing  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Text is adapted to an opera = it is to be meaningfully written as a libretto (needs librettist) - language is An orig work is adapted to film = reworked necessary to as a scenario by a screenwriter convey the desired message LEVELS OF LITERARY ADAPTATION to the audience L3: LOOSE - keeps a few elements or some semblance - lacks exact similarity to its source material L2: - to accentuate the FAITHFUL timelessness and universality of the works' messages and themes - has slightly altered elements L1: - what is written in According to Professor Phillips of National LITERAL literature will be Chenghi University, there are three levels of exactly what is Film adaptation based on literature. in the film - preserving every possible detail, exact copy L4: ARTFUL - finding the balance between being faithful to its source material and creating a film that can stand on as a work of art - finds the FIDELITY TO THE STORY - degree to essential which detail and quality of orig works are elements of the copied exactly. book and - deals with the accuracy of interprets them facts  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Music Video - audiovisual communication TEMPORAL MEDIA - how well the in which the meaning is created via carriers adaptation captures the passage time, of information such as; (1) the music, (2) the pacing, & temporal structure lyrics, and (3) the moving images. CREATIVE ADDITION - artistic pre-recorded music + added images = music representation video - cinematography, music scoring, characters portraying The Music - The music video is composed roles, production designs by adding images to the music. SIMPLICITY - carefully selecting & The Lyrics - Lyrics and images interact, presenting elements from the orig work in a creating meaning. clear, accessible manner The Image - The visual form is close to the FAMILIARITY - understanding what musical form aspects of the orig work are essential to its identity One of the most common analysis methods - ensuring those elements are is to break up the music video into preserved thoughtfully to black-and-white boxes. When this method maintain the spirit of the is used on music videos, videos fall into two source rough groups: performance clips (mostly shows an artist (or artists) singing or dancing) and conceptual clips. 3 PURE FORMS OF VISUAL TRADITION IN MV VIDEOS - can bring a story to life in dynamic ways, providing visual and auditory stimulation PODCAST - audio adaptations, storytelling through voice, music, and sound effects PRESENTATION - combines text, images, and multimedia elements to create an interactive narrative experience  21ST CENTURY LITERATURE Andrea L. De Guzman | 1st Quarter Reviewer Performance Clips - shows the vocalist(s) in one or more settings - song performance, dance performance, and instrumental performance Narrative Clip - short silent movie with a musical background - contains a visual story that is easy to follow - pure narrative clip has no lip-synchronized singing Art Clip - contains no perceptible visual narrative and no lip-synchronized singing - artistic video uses more modern, experimental music, such as electro-acoustic music KEY ELEMENTS OF A MV A. Close ups - closeup shots on the face, mainly be shown during the chorus B. Lip-sync - it gives the impression that the person on camera is singing the song, whereas in reality, the lyrics were professionally recorded in a soundproof recording studio C. Performance Element - usually fragmented across the song - leaves the viewer with the desire to see the video again to piece it all together or catch any missed information D. Narrative (Story) - often related to the story that the lyrics of music are trying to put across