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21st Century 4. Nationalism PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE - Despite the influence of American AMERICAN PERIOD literature and culture, many Filipino...

21st Century 4. Nationalism PHILIPPINE LITERATURE DURING THE - Despite the influence of American AMERICAN PERIOD literature and culture, many Filipino writers during the American period also Philippine Literature During the American wrote works that reflected a strong Period sense of nationalism and love for their country. They wrote about the beauty Philippine literature during the American period, and richness of Philippine culture and traditions and celebrated the heroism of which lasted from 1898 to 1946, was marked by Filipino revolutionaries like Jose Rizal significant changes and developments. and Andres Bonifacio. The American period brought about a new era in 5. War and Occupation Philippine literature, as American writers and - The American period also saw the educators introduced new literary forms, styles, Philippines being plunged into two major and themes to the country. wars The Philippine-American War Here are some of the major characteristics of World War II Philippine literature during the American period: Many Filipino writers wrote about the devastation and suffering brought about by 1. English Language these wars, as well as the bravery and heroism of the Filipino people in the face of adversity. - One of the most significant changes in Overall, Philippine literature during the American Philippine literature during the American period was marked by a complex mix of period was the widespread use of cultural influences and themes, as Filipino English as a medium of literary writers sought to make sense of their changing expression. The American colonial world and express their unique voice and government promoted English education identity. and literature, and many Filipino writers began writing in English. 2. New Literary Forms Literature under the American Colonization - The American period saw the - During the first year of the American emergence of new literary forms in period, the languages used in writing Philippine literature, such as the short were Spanish and Tagalog and the story and the novel. American writers dialects of the different regions, but and educators introduced these new Spanish and Tagalog predominated. forms to the country, and Filipino writers - In 1910, a new group started to write in adopted them and made them their own. English. Hence, Spanish, Tagalog, the Vernaculars, and finally, English, were 3. Social Realism the mediums used in literature during - Many Filipino writers during the these times. American period embraced the literary - While the three groups were one in their movement of social realism, which ideas and spirit, they differed in their aimed to depict the realities of Philippine methods of reporting. society and expose social injustices and - The writers in Tagalog continued in their inequalities. Writers like Jose Garcia lamentations on the conditions of the Villa, N.V.M. Gonzalez, and Nick country and their attempts to arouse Joaquin wrote works that explored love for one’s native tongue. The writers themes such as poverty, corruption, and in English imitated the themes and the struggle for independence. methods of the Americans. Newspapers circulated during the THE PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH American period - Although the Filipinos were defeated in - These newspapers were published the Philippine-American War, or during the American period and were Philippine Insurrection as termed by the primarily established to continue the Americans, kept the flame of fight for freedom after the defeat of the nationalism burning as ever. Seeking to Filipino forces against the Americans. find a better solution other than violent These are: means, they resorted back to the pen. Peace movements started as early as 1. El Nuevo Dia (The New Day) 1900 and many Filipinos started writing - Established by Sergio Osmena in 1900. again “after the sword was broken.” American sensors banned this - The Filipinos, being lovers of languages newspaper and threatened Osmena and natural linguists, began using this with banishment. new medium to record their thoughts, sentiments, ideas and views, dreams 2. El Grito del Pueblo (The Call of the Nation) and fears as well as everyday life matters. In short, a new weapon was - Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900. added to their arsenal. 3. El Renacimiento (The Rebirth) - The revolutionary newspaper edited by Three Periods: Rafael Palma, who later on became UP President, was the pioneering 1. Period of Re-orientation newspaper to publish works written in 2. Period of Imitation English Language. 3. Period of Self-Discovery and Growth 4. The Philippines Free Press - Was founded by R. McCullough Dick Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910) & D. Theo Rogers - Was the first privately owned publication - The Period of Re-orientation covered to publish English works of Filipino the early years of the American period writers. They paid the Filipino writers and the landing of the Americans on when their work was chosen to be Philippine shores including the published. Philippine-American War. Even during the war, the Americans established a public school system in areas that had been pacified. Plays staged during the American period - English language was used as a 1. Kahapon, Ngayon, Bukas (Yesterday, medium of instruction in public schools today and tomorrow) as early as 1900 in Corregidor Island. - The first English teachers were the - Written by Aurelio Tolentino American soldiers stationed in various areas. Later on, the professional 2. Tanikalang Ginto teachers arrived via US Army - Written by Juan Abad transport ship “USS Thomas” hence, these pioneering teachers were called 3. Malaya “Thomasites.” These Thomasites established numerous public - Written by Tomas Remigio elementary, Secondary, and Tertiary 4. Walang Sugat schools throughout the archipelago. - Written by Severino Reyes  - They established the University of the Maximo Kalaw Philippines with Murray Bartlett, a Vidal A. Tan Thomasite, as the First President; Francisco Africa was the first to use the English language Victoriano Yamzon in higher education. Period of Imitation Essay writers - They also established the: Philippine School of Arts and - Essay was a Filipino literary genre that Trades (which became Polytechnic was born in the Period of Imitation. University of the Philippines), Philippine Normal School (which The following essayists wrote Formal essays became Philippine Normal University), that were truly scholarly, full of sobriety, Silliman University and Xavier substance, and structure. Pioneers in formal University, in the Visayas and essays include: Mindanao. 1. Carlos P. Romulo 2. Jorge C. Bocobo Pioneer Filipino English Writers 1. Justo Juliano wrote “Sursum Corda” as 3. Mauro Mendez the first literary work published in 4. Vicente Hilario English in 1907. 2. Juan F. Salazar wrote “My Mother” and “Air Castles” which were published in Informal essay writers also emerged and they 1909. are composed of: 3. Proceso Sebastian wrote “To My Lady 1. Ignacio Manlapaz in Laoag” which was published in 1909. 2. Godofredo Rivera 3. Federico Mangahas 4. Francisco B. Icasiano 5. Salvador P. Lopez Period of Imitation (1910-1924) 6. Jose Lansang - This period was characterized by the 7. Amado G. Dayrit Filipino writers imitating the American and English writers. The UP-College Period of Imitation Short Stories Folio, the school publication of the - Short story as a literary genre was University of the Philippines, published brought along by the Americans. literary compositions in English written - Filipinos readily adopted short stories by the pioneers in English poetry, because as a form of relaxation and essays and short stories. entertainment, they proved to be worthwhile for one can read in just a short while. Period of Imitation Poets - There were even Filipino (Tagalog) and 1. Fernando Maramag wrote the “Rural other vernacular versions of them. Maid.” - Short stories began to be published in various school newspapers and Other poets include: periodicals. - Many Filipino writers became popular Juan F. Salazar during this period due to their masterful Jose M. Hernandez works. Vicente del Fierro Francisco Tonogbanua Notable writers include: - Evidently, they began to write confidently and competently. They wrote 1. Paz Marquez Benitez in - who wrote “Dead Stars” stands out as a free verse, sonnets, odes, elegies, and others. model of perfection in character They even started to write novels and dramas. delineation, local color, plot and message. - She also became the editor of Poetry in the Period of Self-Discovery and Women’s Journal, the first literary Growth magazine in English published in the Philippines 1. The Philippine Writers Association was organized in 1925. 2. Bernardo P. Garcia wrote the poem “George Washington.” 2. Luis Dato wrote “Manila: A Collection of Verses” 3. Eulogio B. Rodriguez was a research writer of UP College of Liberal Arts who won Villamor - published “My Book of Verses” Prize in the Provincial History Competition 4. Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion wrote the award-winning poem “Azucena.” 3. Marcelo De Gracia Concepcion wrote “Bamboo Flute” 5. Procopio Solidum wrote “Never Mind and Other Poems.” 4. Aurelio S. Alvero wrote “Moon Shadows on the Water” 6. Lorenzo E. Paredes wrote the first poetry anthology “Reminiscences.” 5. Pablo Laslo edited the “English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets” 7. Zoilo Galang 6. Rafael Zulueta da Costa wrote “First Leaves” - published his first volume of essay won the Commonwealth Literary Contest with entitled “Life and Success.” his compilation “Like the Molave and other - published the first anthology of short Poems” stories in “Tales of the Philippines.” 7. Aurelio S. Alvero wrote “Nuances” 8. Eliseo Quirino and Vicente Hilario wrote the essay “Thinking for Ourselves.” 8. Abelardo Subido wrote the sonnet “Soft Night” 9. Rodolfo Dato published his anthology “Filipino Poetry.” 9. Jose Garcia Villa published “Poems by Doveglion” and he also published his books in 10. Carlos P. Romulo published a collection of the US. plays entitled “Daughters for Sale and other Plays.” Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Period of Self-Discovery and Growth Short Story (1925-1941) - Aside from poetry, short story has - In this period Filipino writers acquired likewise flourished during this time. mastery of the English Language.  - Numerous short story writers were motivated due to incentives given by Poetry in all languages continued to flourish in Publications. all regions of the country during the American - Short story became the most popular period. The Tagalogs, hailing Francisco F. literary genre during this time. Balagtas as the nation’s foremost poet invented - Popular short story writers during this the Balagtasan in his honor. The time include: Balagtasan - a debate in verse, a 1. Paz Marquez Benitez published her first poetical joust done almost short story anthology spontaneously between protagonists “Filipino Love Stories.” who debate over the pros and cons of an issue. March 1924- The first Balagtasan was held in at the Instituto de Mujeres, with 2. Jose Garcia Villa published “Philippine Short Jose Corazon de Jesus and Florentino Stories.” He won first place the Philippine Free Collantes as rivals, bubuyog (bee) and Press short story writing contest with his paru-paro (butterfly) aiming for the love “Mir-i-nisa.” of kampupot (jasmine). It was during this Balagtasan that Jose 3. Manuel Arguilla won the Commonwealth Corazon de Jesus, known as Huseng Literary Contest for short story with his “How My Batute, emerged triumphant to become Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife.” the first king of the Balagtasan. Jose Corazon de Jesus was the finest master of the genre. He was later followed by 4. Paz Latorena wrote “Sunset” balagtasistas: - Emilio Mar Antonio and Crescenciano 5. Jose Lansang wrote “Broken Parasol” Marquez- who also became King of the Balagtasan in their own time. 6. Sinai C. Hamada wrote “Talanata’s Wife” 7. Fausto Dugenio wrote “Wanderlust” As Huseng Batute, de Jesus also produced the finest poems and lyrics during the period. His 8. Amado G. Dayrit wrote “His Gift” and debates with Amado V. Hernandez on the “Yesterday political issue of independence from America and nationhood were mostly done in verse and Among the Iloko writers, noted novelists are a testament to the vitality of Tagalog poetry were: during the era. Leon Pichay- who was also the region’s poet laureate Lope K. Santos’, epic poem, Ang Panggingera Hermogenes Belen, and Mena Pecson is also proof of how poets of the period have Crisologo- whose Mining wenno Ayat come to master the language to be able to ti Kararwa is considered to be the Iloko translate it into effective poetry. version of a Noli me Tangere. The Balagtasan would be echoed as a poetical In the Visayas, Magdalena Jalandoni and fiesta and would be duplicated in the: Ramon Muzones would lead most writers in writing novels that dwelt on the themes of love, Ilocos -as the Bukanegan, in honor of courtship, life in the farmlands, and other social Pedro Bukaneg, the supposed upheavals of the period. Marcel Navarra wrote transcriber of the epic, Biag ni stories and novels in Sugbuhanon. Lam-ang;  Pampanga - the Crissottan, in honor - She devoted her talent to the novel. She of the esteemed poet of the Pampango, wrote ANG MGA TUNUK SAN ISA CA Juan Crisostomo Sotto. BULACLAC. Other Forms of Literature. 3 main Character of “Dead Stars” The following are those recognized in the field of Alfredo Ilocano Literature: - He is a lawyer and a man who is afflicted with the love of two women, his Pedro Bukaneg wife Esperanza and another woman - Father of Ilocano Literature. From his Julia Salas. His father Don Julian is a name was derived the word Bukanegan, wealthy man and takes him with himself which means Balagtasan (a poetic on his visits to Judge Del Valle. contest) in Ilocano. Claro Caluya Esperanza - Prince of Ilocano Poets. Known as poet - She a woman of exquisite beauty, charm and novelist. and wit. She takes care of her house Leon Pichay and family. However, she suffers from - Known as the best Bukanegero (from the lust for material wealth and Bukaneg). Also a poet, novelist, short reputation. She is married to Alfredo story writer, dramatist and essayist. after he woos her aggressively. Literature of the Kapampangans (Pampango Julia Salas Literature) - She is the other woman in the life of Two stalwarts in the literature of the Alfredo Salazar. She is a thoughtful, Kapampangans stand out they are: beautiful and winsome woman who is good at conversing on different and Juan Crisostomo Soto profound issues. She is energetic, - (Father of Kapampangan Literature). enigmatic and vital, a complete opposite The word CRISOTAN (meaning of Alfredo. This may be one of the Balagtasan) in Tagalog is taken from his reasons he gravitates toward her. name. Aurelio Tolentino The story of a Love triangle. - He truly proved his being a Kapampangan in his translation of KAHAPON, NGAYON AT BUKAS into Kapampangan which he called NAPON, NGENI AT BUKAS. Visayan Literature The following are the top men in Visayan literature: Eriberto Gumban - (Father of Visayan Literature). He wrote a zarzuela, moro-moro and a play in Visayan. Magdalena Jalandoni