General Biology I - Biomolecules PDF

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (Organic Compounds) G E N E RA L B I O LO GY I Ma’am Jo Abejero Objectives Analyze carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids for their functions and food sources. Appreciate the essence of biomolecules in the food we take everyday. Plot the d...

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES (Organic Compounds) G E N E RA L B I O LO GY I Ma’am Jo Abejero Objectives Analyze carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids for their functions and food sources. Appreciate the essence of biomolecules in the food we take everyday. Plot the differences of all biomolecules. BIOMOLECULES  Biomolecul es Biomolecules (Biological Molecules)  Food is the source of large molecules that are needed for life  It is responsible for cell growth, cell division, repairs, maintenance, and metabolism.  Building block molecules of all living things. Chemical Components of the Cell ORGANIC COMPOUNDS- contain carbon such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and vitamins. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS- do not contain carbon such as water, gases, minerals, and salts. P MONOMERS SUGAR - are small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other molecules to form large molecules or polymers. - MONOMERS are the building blocks of all biomolecules. (1 whole sheet of yellow paper: Paired Act) Q2 – PRE ACTIVITY: BIOMOLETYPES & FOODS I. CARBOHYDRATES II. II. PROTEINS III. LIPIDS IV. NUCELIC ACIDS I. CARBOHYDRATES LIST DOWN THE FOODS YOU BOTH USUALLY TAKE EVERY: BREAKFAST LUNCH DINNER I. CARBOHYDRATES Fill up the hidden letters of the classification of carbohydrates and write their correct description. _IS__CH_RI__S M__OSA__H_RID__ _O__SA__H__ID_S are the simplest sugar containing consist of a large number of only one sugar consist of two molecules monosaccharide units. molecule. of monosaccharides. II. PROTEINS  III. LIPIDS LIST DOWN YOUR TOP 5 FAVORITE FOODS STUDENT A STUDENT B IV. NUCLEIC ACIDS Kindly draw the 2 Types of Nucleic Acids CARBOHYDRATE S Carbohydrate s are the basic source of energy for cellular activities. P CARBOHYDRATES SUGAR ▪ They are essential part of our diet: grains, fruits, and vegetables are all-natural sources of carbohydrates. ▪ Carbohydrates provide a vital energy source for the cells that are used for enormous number of activities that take place in the cells. ▪ Large consumption of carbohydrates may lead to diabetes, heart disease, and obesity. ▪ Simple carbohydrates are known as sugar.  CLASSIFICATIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES Classified according to the number of sugar units in their molecules; are the simplest “sacchar” means sugar sugar containing only one sugar molecule. DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES consist of two molecules consist of a large number of monosaccharides. of monosaccharide units. BREAKFAST LUNCH DINNER  TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES SIMPLE COMPLEX Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharides s Ribose Maltose Starch (largest source of (Glu+Glu) carbs) Glucose Lactose Glycogen (Glu+Gal) Fructose Sucrose Cellulose (Gal+Fruc) Galactose Chitin Direction: Identify the following food sources according to the number of sugar units (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides). 1. Carrots- ___________________ 2. Beer- _____________________ 3. Rice- _____________________ 4. Milk- _____________________ 5. Fruits- ____________________ PROTEINS Protein is one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and has the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. They are composed of a chain of smaller sub-units or monomer called amino acids. There are three (3) groups of amino acids namely: 1.Non-essential Amino Acids- These are synthesized or produced naturally by the body. 2. Conditional Essential Amino Acids- These types of amino acids are produced in certain conditions like being healthy. However, the body cannot make them in case of starvation or inborn error of metabolism. 3. Essential Amino Acids- These must be supplied in the diet or can only be supplied by food Type of Protein Function Examples  Insects and spiders are silk fibers (fibroin, protein in silk) to make their cocoons and webs.  Collagen and elastin provide a fibrous framework in animal connective tissues such as tendons and ligaments. It provides mechanical  Keratin is the protein of hair, horn, feathers, and other skin shape and support. It also appendages. 1. Structural constructs different  Dentine is a protein that strengthens teeth.  Tubulin is a protein that serves as a skeletal system for Protein structures like the living cells. cytoskeleton.  Ovalbumin is the protein of egg white which is used as an It provides nourishment amino acid source for developing embryo. 2. Storage Casein, the protein of milk, is the major source of amino acids Protein and storage of amino acids.  for baby mammals  Plants store protein in seeds.  Hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein of vertebrate blood, It carries or transports transport oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body.  Serum albumin carries fatty acid in the blood. 3. Transport substances in the blood or  Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes. protein lymph throughout the body. 4. Receptor It is the response of cell to  Receptors built into a membrane of a nerve cell detect chemical signals released by other nerve cells. Protein chemical stimuli.   Insulin and Glucagon, hormones secreted by the pancreas help regulate the It coordinates the concentration of sugar (in the blood of 5. Hormonal activity of different body vertebrates. Protein systems.  Prolactin stimulates milk production and secretion.  GH (growth hormone), stimulates growth and metabolic functions. 6. Contractile It is responsible for Protein movement and muscle  Actin and myosin are responsible for the coordination. movement of muscles. 7. Defensive It protects the  Antibodies combat bacteria and Protein body against pathogens. viruses. Ex. Immunoglobulins destroy bacteria. It is responsible for  Digestive enzymes hydrolyze the 8. Enzymatic the selective polymers in food. Protein acceleration of chemical Ex. Ptyalin that acts on carbohydrates reactions. and trypsin that acts on protein. LIPIDS Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are nonpolar in nature. Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic ("water-fearing") or insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cell stores energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals. 1. Triglycerides ✓ Also known as fats or triacylglycerols. TYPES OF LIPIDS: Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are essential to many body functions and serve as the building blocks for all living cells. Lipids help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat. Fatty Acids – Triglycerides Waxes Steroids (Oily Compounds) Lipids are fatty, waxy, or oily compounds that are essential to many body functions and serve as the building blocks for all living cells. Lipids help regulate hormones, transmit nerve impulses, cushion organs, and store energy in the form of body fat. Fatty Acids – Triglycerides Waxes Steroids (Oily Compounds)