Untitled Quiz

Biological Molecules (Organic Compounds)

• Biological molecules are the source of life's energy
• They are responsible for cell growth, division, repair, and metabolism
• They are the building blocks of all living things

Objectives

• Analyze carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids for their functions and food sources
• Appreciate the essence of biomolecules in everyday food
• Plot the differences of all biomolecules

Monomers

• Monomers are small molecules, mostly organic, that can join with other molecules to form larger molecules called polymers
• Monomers are the building blocks of all biomolecules

Biomolecules Types & Foods

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic Acids

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates are the basic source of energy for cellular activities.
• Vegetables, grains, and fruits are natural sources of carbohydrates
• Large consumption can lead to diabetes, heart disease, and obesity
• Simple carbohydrates are known as sugar
• Classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Types of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides are the simplest sugar containing only one sugar molecule
  • Examples include Ribose, Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
• Disaccharides consist of two molecules of monosaccharides.
  • Examples include Maltose (Glu+Glu), Lactose (Glu+Gal), Sucrose (Gal+Fruc)
• Polysaccharides consist of a large number of monosaccharide units.
  • Examples include Starch (largest source of carbs), Glycogen, Cellulose, and Chitin

Proteins

• Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems.
• They have a diverse range of functions in all macromolecules.
• Proteins are composed of a chain of monomers called amino acids
• There are three types of amino acids: Non-essential, Conditional Essential, and Essential

Types of Proteins

• Structural protein: provides mechanical shape and support (e.g., collagen, elastin)
• Storage protein: provides nourishment and stores amino acids (e.g., casein)
• Transport protein: transports substances in the body (e.g., hemoglobin)
• Receptor protein: response of a cell to chemical stimuli
• Hormonal protein: coordinates activities of different body systems (e.g., insulin, glucagon)
• Contractile protein: responsible for movement and muscle coordination (e.g., actin, myosin)
• Defensive protein: protects the body against pathogens (e.g., antibodies)
• Enzymatic protein: accelerates chemical reactions (e.g., digestive enzymes)

Lipids

• Lipids are a diverse group of compounds that are nonpolar, hydrophobic, or insoluble in water.
• Lipids are soluble in organic solvents
• Lipids are the building blocks of cells that store energy long-term in the form of fats
• Lipids provide insulation for plants and animals

Types of Lipids

• Triglycerides: Also known as fats or triacylglycerols