A History of Global Politics: Creating a International Order PDF

# A History of Global Politics: Creating a International Order ## Internationalization vs. Globalization - **Internationalization** refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances etc. International, of course, means between or among nations...

# A History of Global Politics: Creating a International Order ## Internationalization vs. Globalization - **Internationalization** refers to the increasing importance of international trade, international relations, treaties, alliances etc. International, of course, means between or among nations. The basic unit remains the nation, even as relations among nations become increasingly necessary and important. - **Globalization** refers to global economic integration of many formerly national economies into one global economy, mainly by free trade and free capital mobility, but also by easy or uncontrolled migration. It is the effective erasure of national boundaries for economic purposes. International trade (governed by comparative advantage) becomes interregional trade (governed by absolute advantage). What was many becomes one. ## 4 Key Attributes of World Politics 1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves. 2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy. 3. There are international organizations that facilitate these interactions. 4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international organizations also take on lives of their own. ## Country - A country is a region that is identified as a distinct entity in political geography. - A country may be an independent sovereign state or part of a larger state, as a non-sovereign or formerly sovereign political division, or a geographic region associated with sets of previously independent or differently associated people with distinct political characteristics. - Countries can refer both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it can refer only to states. - A country refers to a territory with its own borders as well as total sovereignty over its territory and people. ## Sovereign State - A **sovereign state**, sovereign country, or simply state, is a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states. - It is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state. ## Sovereignty - Sovereignty, in political theory, the ultimate overseer, or authority, in the decision-making process of the state and in the maintenance of order. - The concept of sovereignty - one of the most controversial ideas in political science and international law - is closely related to the difficult concepts of state and government and of independence and democracy. - The full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity. - **Internal sovereignty** - The unhindered power of the state to rule over its people. - **External sovereignty** - Freedom from foreign rule/control ## State - A state is a people organized in a definite territory with functioning government and sovereignty. - **State**, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. - The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty. - The state consists, most broadly, of the agreement of the individuals on the means whereby disputes are settled in the form of laws. In such countries as the United States, Australia, Nigeria, Mexico, and Brazil, the term state (or a cognate) also refers to political units, not sovereign themselves, but subject to the authority of the larger state, or federal union. ## 4 Attributes of a State 1. It exercises authority over specific population (citizens). 2. It governs territory. 3. Has a structure of government that crafts various rules that people (society) follow. 4. Has sovereignty over its territory. ## Nation - Refers to a large group of individuals who believe that they belong together because they share common identity. - **Nation**, a large body of people united by common descent, history, culture, or language, inhabiting a particular country or territory. - Nations are born out of confluence of two factors: - A group of people have cohesion in order that a community continue to exist as a distinct entity. - Individual members aspire to belong to a homogenous community to have security and meaning. ## Classification of Nation - **Ethnic nation**: An entity that is united on the basis of ethnicity. Populated by a single ethnic group. - **Territorial nation**: An entity that is populated by various ethnic groups that have been assimilated into a nation. ## Nation State - Relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people did not always organize themselves as countries. - A **nation state** (or nation-state) is a state where the great majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. ## State, Nation and Country - The word "state" and the word "country" can be used interchangeably. However, in a political discourse, a state can be defined as a political unit with sovereignty (legitimate and total political power) over a region and all the people living in that region. - A nation, on the other hand, does not need to have a physical border since it is more of a group of people with similar cultures, language, religions, and other things. A good example of a nation is Palestine where there are several people identifying as Palestinians even though, officially, the state of Palestine has limited recognition. ## Treaty of Westphalia - System designed to avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other's affairs. - The treaty was widely interpreted as giving states the right to political self-determination, to be considered equal from a legal point of view and as prohibiting them from intervening in the affairs of other sovereign states. ## French Revolution - Led by Napoleon Bonaparte. - Liberty, equality, and fraternity. - **Napoleonic Code**: - Forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom of religion, and promoted meritocracy in government service. - **Meritocracy** is a leadership selected on the basis of intellectual criteria. ## Concert of Europe - Alliance of great power: United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, and Prussia. - A system to prevent another war and to keep their systems of privilege, created by the royal powers. - Sought to restore the world of monarchial, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time before the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. - **Klemens von Metternich**: The main architect of the Metternich System. ## Internationalism - Internationalism is a political principle which transcends nationalism and advocates a greater political or economic cooperation among nations and people. - Internationalism is most commonly expressed as an appreciation for the diverse cultures in the world, and a desire for world peace. - People who express this view believe in not only being a citizen of their respective countries, but of being a citizen of the world. Internationalists feel obliged to assist the world through leadership and charity. ## Nationalism - Nationalism emphasizes collective identity - a 'people' must be autonomous, united, and express a single national culture. However, some nationalists stress individualism as an important part of their own national identity. - Involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a political entity defined in national terms, i.e. a nation. - Often, it is the belief that an ethnic group has a right to statehood, or that citizenship in a state should be limited to one ethnic group, or that multinationality in a single state should necessarily comprise the right to express and exercise national identity even by minorities. ## International Law - Also called public international law or law of nations, the body of legal rules, norms, and standards that apply between sovereign states and other entities that are legally recognized as international actors. The term was coined by the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832). - International law is a collection of rules governing relations between states. It is a mark of how far international law has evolved that this original definition omits individuals and international organizations - two of the most dynamic and vital elements of modern international law. - International law is distinct from international comity, which comprises legally nonbinding practices adopted by states for reasons of courtesy (e.g., the saluting of the flags of foreign warships at sea). ## Liberal Internationalism - Cluster of ideas derived from the belief that international progress is possible, where progress is defined as movement toward increasing levels of harmonious cooperation between political communities. - Liberal internationalism is a set of related concepts on how to best organize international relations between states and non-state actors that emphasizes a belief in international progress, interdependence, cooperation, diplomacy, multilateralism, and support for international political structures and organizations. ## Self Determination - Self-determination, the process by which a group of people, usually possessing a certain degree of national consciousness, form their own state and choose their own government. - Denotes the legal right of people to decide their own destiny in the international order. - Self-determination is a core principle of international law, arising from customary international law, but also recognized as a general principle of law, and enshrined in a number of international treaties. ## League of Nation - An organization for international cooperation established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied Powers at the end of World War I. - The idea of the League was grounded in the broad, international revulsion against the unprecedented destruction of the First World War and the contemporary understanding of its origins. - A precursor to the United Nations, the League achieved some victories but had a mixed record of success, sometimes putting self-interest before becoming involved with conflict resolution, while also contending with governments that did not recognize its authority. ## Socialist International - Socialist International (SI), association of national socialist parties that advocates a democratic form of socialism. - Is a worldwide association of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism.[1] It consists mostly of democratic socialist, social-democratic and labour political parties and other organisations. ## Communism - The philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose ultimate goal is the establishment of the communist society, which is a socioeconomic order structured upon the common ownership of the means of production and the absence of social classes, money, and the state. - Political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with public ownership and communal control of at least the major means of production (e.g., mines, mills, and factories) and the natural resources of a society. - Communism is thus a form of socialism—a higher and more advanced form, according to its advocates. ## Comintern - Known also as the Third International (1919–1943), was an international organization that advocated world communism. - The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to "struggle by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the state". - Though its stated purpose was the promotion of world revolution, the Comintern functioned chiefly as an organ of Soviet control over the international communist movement. ## Cominform - It was the first official forum of the International Communist Movement since the dissolution of the Comintern and confirmed the new realities after World War II, including the creation of an Eastern Bloc. - The Cominform's activities consisted mainly of publishing propaganda to encourage international communist solidarity. The French and Italian parties were ineffective in carrying out the chief task assigned to them by the Cominform—to obstruct the implementation of the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine. Like the Third International (Comintern) in its later phases, the Cominform served more as a tool of Soviet policy than as an agent of international revolution. - The intended purpose of Cominform was to coordinate actions between Communist parties under Soviet direction. It had its own newspaper, For Lasting Peace, for People's Democracy! ## International Organization (IO) - International intergovernmental organizations or groups that are primarily made up of member states. - **Powers of IO**: - **Power Classification**: They create powerful global standards. Making the UNCHR (UN High Commissioner for Refugees that defines refugee. - **Power to fix meanings**: IO is a legitimate sources of information. The meanings they create have effects on various policies. - **Power to diffuse norms**: Norms are accepted codes of conduct that may not be strict law but nevertheless produce regularity in behavior. - IO spread their ideas across the world, there establishing global standards. - IO staffed with independent bureaucracies, who are considered experts in various fields. ## United Nations - The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt was first used in the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. - The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter. - The United Nations can take action on the issues confronting humanity in the 21st century, such as peace and security, climate change, sustainable development, human rights, disarmament, terrorism, humanitarian and health emergencies, gender equality, governance, food production, and more. ## 5 Active Organs of UN - **The General Assembly (GA)** - Is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of the UN. - Decisions on important questions, such as those on peace and security, admission of new members and budgetary matters, require a two-thirds majority. - Decisions on other questions are by simple majority. - Each country has one vote. Some Member States in arrear of payment may be granted the right to vote. - The Assembly has adopted its own rules of procedure and elects its President and 21 Vice-Presidents for each session. - Maria Fernanda Espinosa from Ecuador is the current President. - Carlos P. Romulo was elected as GA President from 1949-1950. - **Security Council (SC)** - Has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. It has 15 Members, and each Member has one vote. 10 elected members has a 2 year term and the remaining 5, permanent 5 (P5), China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, United States of America. - Under the Charter of the United Nations, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council decisions. - The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to the peace or act of aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace and security. - **Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)** - The principal body for coordination, policy review, policy dialogue, and recommendations on social and environmental issues as well as the implementation of internationally agreed developments goals. - 54 members for 3-year terms. The Philippines is one of the current member until 2020. - The heart of the United Nations system to advance the three dimensions of sustainable development - economic, social and environmental. - It is the central platform for fostering debate and innovative thinking, forging consensus on ways forward, and coordinating efforts to achieve internationally agreed goals. - It is also responsible for the follow-up to major UN conferences and summits. - **International Court of Justice** - The International Court of Justice, which has its seat in The Hague, is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. - To settle, in accordance with international law, legal disputes submitted to its by states and to give advisory opinions referred to it by authorized United Nations organs and specialized agencies. - The major cases of the court consist of disputes between states that voluntarily submit themselves to the court of arbitration. - The Court is composed of 15 judges, who are elected for terms of office of nine years by the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council. It is assisted by a Registry, its administrative organ. Its official languages are English and French. - **Secretariat**: - Is organized along departmental lines, with each department or office having a distinct area of action and responsibility. Offices and departments coordinate with each other to ensure cohesion as they carry out the day to day work of the Organization in offices and duty stations around the world. At the head of the United Nations Secretariat is the Secretary-General. - Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO, the Secretary-General is a symbol of United Nations ideals and a spokesman for the interests of the world's peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among them. The current Secretary-General, and the ninth occupant of the post, is Mr. António Guterres of Portugal, who took office on 1 January 2017. - The Charter describes the Secretary-General as "chief administrative officer" of the Organization, who shall act in that capacity and perform "such other functions as are entrusted" to him or her by the Security Council, General Assembly, Economic and Social Council and other United Nations organs. - The Charter also empowers the Secretary-General to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". - These guidelines both define the powers of the office and grant it considerable scope for action. The Secretary-General would fail if he did not take careful account of the concerns of Member States, but he must also uphold the values and moral authority of the United Nations, and speak and act for peace, even at the risk, from time to time, of challenging or disagreeing with those same Member States.