Global Politics Revision Sheet PDF

Global Politics revision sheet **[Power:]** - *The ability to influence other groups in global politics and achieve outcomes* - Joseph Nye - Hard Power - Soft Power - Smart Power - Distributions of power - Unipolar - Bipolar - Multipolar **[So...

Global Politics revision sheet **[Power:]** - *The ability to influence other groups in global politics and achieve outcomes* - Joseph Nye - Hard Power - Soft Power - Smart Power - Distributions of power - Unipolar - Bipolar - Multipolar **[Sovereignty:]** - *States are sovereign when they exercise supreme control over what happens inside their borders* - Treat of Westphalia 1648 - Montevideo 1933 convention defined the 4 key parts - A permanent population - A defined territory and borders - Effective government - The capacity and legitimacy to enter into relations with other states - Erosion of sovereignty due to globalisation and interdependence **[Actors in an international world]** - State - Great power - Domestic group - International organisation - Multinational corporations - Transnational activists and nongovernmental organsiations - Individuals **[Interdependence:]** - *Interdependence is when groups in global politics rely on each other, have shared interests or have an impact on each other* - Economic interdependence - Political interdependence - Global challenges **[Realism:]** Deriving from ideas that can be traced back to thinkers such as Thucydides, Sun Tzu, author of *The Art of War*, Machiavelli and Thomas Hobbes, the realist vision is pessimistic: international politics is marked by constant power struggles and conflict, and a wide range of obstacles standing in the way of peaceful cooperation. Realism is grounded in an emphasis on **power politics**, based on the following assumptions: - Human nature is characterized by selfishness and greed. - Politics is a domain of human activity structured by power and coercion.¨ - War is the norm -- positive peace is unachievable - States are the key global actors. - States prioritize self-interest and survival, prioritizing security above all else. - States operate in a context of anarchy, and thus rely on self-help. (Billiard ball model) - Global order is structured by the distribution of power (capabilities) among states. - The balance of power is the principal means of ensuring stability and avoiding war. - Ethical considerations are (and should be) irrelevant to the conduct of foreign policy **[Liberalism:]** Liberalism offers a more optimistic vision of global politics, based, ultimately, on a belief in human rationality and moral goodness (even though liberals also accept that people are essentially self-interested and competitive). Liberals tend to believe that the principle of balance or harmony operates in all forms of social interaction. As far as world politics is concerned, this is reflected in a general commitment to **internationalism**, as reflected in Immanuel Kant's belief in the possibility of 'universal and perpetual peace'. The liberal model of global politics is based on the following key assumptions: - Human beings are rational and moral creatures. - History is a progressive process, characterized by a growing prospect of international cooperation and peace. - Mixed-actor models of global politics are more realistic than state-centric ones. (cobweb model) - Trade and economic interdependence make war less likely. - International law helps to promote order and fosters rule-governed behaviour among states. - Democracy is inherently peaceful, particularly in reducing the likelihood of war between democratic states. - Views positive peace as the goal **[The UN:]** - UNGA -- all members with 1 vote each - UNSC - P5 veto vote nations & rotation of other groups - Key organs (not UNGA or UNSC): - UNICEF - WHO - WFP - UNDP - UNESCO **[Conflict:]** - Reasons for conflict - Violent conflict - Non- violent conflict - Cyber Conflict - Johan Galtung three types of violence - Direct violence - Structural violence - Cultural violence - Resolution for conflict: - Mediation of conflict - Role of the UN:\ - Resolution passing\ - conflict management\ - UNSC\ - UNGA\ - Peacekeeping\ - Peacemaking\ - Peacebuilding\ - Justice & ICJ - **[Peace:]** - John Galtung: - Positive Peace - Negative Peace - Equation for Peace Peace = (Equity + Harmony) / (Violence + Trauma) - Suez 1956 -- first time peacekeepers are used - UN deployment Chapter 6 -- self defence - R2P (first used in Kosovo) - Ability to supersede the states sovereignty in cases of (genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity") **[Migration: ]** - Push factors - Pull factors - Refugee - Asylum seeker - Migrant