Ancient Civilization Timeline PDF

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE  HAMMURABI (circa 1810-1750 BCE) “The kinsman is a healer” Hammurabi is the name of the sixth king of Babylon, who ruled from 1792-1750 BCE. Best known for his code of laws, which was on of the first written codes of law in history....

ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE  HAMMURABI (circa 1810-1750 BCE) “The kinsman is a healer” Hammurabi is the name of the sixth king of Babylon, who ruled from 1792-1750 BCE. Best known for his code of laws, which was on of the first written codes of law in history. The code was studied and used as a model for legal reasoning for over 1,500 years. Hammurabi’s empire did not last long after his death. After his death, the city-states that had been content under Babylonian rule revolted. The stele containing the Code of Hammurabi was eventually taken back to Elam, where it was found broken in pieces in 1901. A replica of the stele is now at the United Nations headquarters, and the original is at the Louvre in Paris. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE GILGAMESH (2150 -1400BCE) “THE HERO OF THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH” Gilgamesh is a legendary king from Mesopotamian mythology, known primarily through the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest surviving works of literature. Here are the key details: Historical Context: Gilgamesh was likely a real king of Uruk (modern-day Iraq) around 2700 BCE, though the epic portrays him as more of a mythic figure. Attributes: He is mostly divine and partly human, so he is both powerful and imperfect. At first, he is a harsh and careless ruler, but he changes a lot as the story goes on.. Friendship with Enkidu: Gilgamesh's best friend is Enkidu, a wild man made by the gods to help control Gilgamesh’s pride. Their friendship is the emotional core of the story. Search for Immortality: After Enkidu dies, Gilgamesh goes on a journey to find Utnapishtim, the man who survived a huge flood, hoping to learn the secret to living forever. Moral Lessons: The epic teaches themes of friendship, the inevitability of death, and the acceptance of human limitation. Mortality vs. Immortality: Gilgamesh's journey reflects humanity's struggle with the idea of death and the desire for immortality. The Role of the Gods: The gods play a central role, controlling fate and imposing limits on human power, emphasizing the idea that humans must accept their limitations. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE SARGON OF AKKAD (2334-2279 BCE) “Sargon the Great” Founder of Empire: It is over the course of the third millennium that one could consider Sargon of Akkad (2334-2279) as a veritable genesis of empire in ancient Mesopotamia. Legendary Origins: It is believed that he was put in basket by his mother who was a priestess in the temple, he was found by a peasant and nurtured. Rise to Power: Sargon became the cupbearer of the king Ur-Zababa of Kish and later, killed him. Military Conquests: In the course of five years, he was able to subdue several Sumerian city-states and thereby establish an empire going from the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia and Syria up to Anatolia. Capital and Language: Sargon made Akkad (Agade) the imperial city, standardized the bureaucracy and switched the written language form the Sumerian to Akkadian. Legacy: Popular for his excellent organizational and administrative skills and military skills, and an increased market for cultural products, Sargon enhanced the Mesopotamian empire. Sargonid Dynasty: His successors, the “Sargonid Dynasty”, carried on with his policies, and the empire was destroyed in the end by internal wars and barbarian invasions. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE ASHURBANIPAL (668 - 627 BCE) “The Builder of the First Great Library” Ashurbanipal was a “powerful king of the world” of ancient Assyria (668–627 BCE). Known for building the first organized library in Nineveh, showing his dedication to knowledge. Ruled a vast empire, including parts of modern Turkey and Egypt. Some believe he was the last king of Assyria, but evidence is unclear. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Enheduanna (circa 2285–2250 BCE) “The First Known Author” - Daughter of Sargon of Akkad, Enheduanna served as the high priestess of the moon god Nanna in the city of Ur, a position that held substantial political and religious power. - She played a crucial role in merging Sumerian and Akkadian cultures, using her literary skills to unify the pantheon of gods through hymns and poetry. - Her literary contributions are profound, with her most famous works being The Exaltation of Inanna and The Temple Hymns, a collection of 42 hymns dedicated to various deities and temples in Sumer. - Enheduanna's compositions set paradigms for poetry, psalms, and prayers that influenced subsequent literary traditions. - "Lady of all divine powers, Lady of the all-resplendent light, Righteous Lady clothed in heavenly radiance..." - Exaltation of Inanna - She is often referred to as "the Sumerian Shakespeare" due to her monumental impact on writing and literature PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE RAMSES II Also known as Ramses the Great and was among the most powerful acclaimed pharaohs in ancient Egypt. Ramses II was born around 1303 BCE; he became the king in 1279 BCE after his father and devoted himself to aggressive campaigns that fortified and widened the grounds of Egypt. He participated in many military attacks, the Battle of Kadesh is one of those wars which was drawn but he felt it was his victory. His reign is also known for monuments he constructed, including Abu Simbel, the Rammesseum, and extensions on the Karak and Luxor Temples. Ramses II had many wives and children, over 200 estimated children. His first and beloved queen was Nefertari, to whom he remained greatly devoted. Isetnofret is another queen that made important contributions to his rule as she bore some of Ramses's successors. Ramses II had a remarkable reign of 66 years and died approximately 90 BCE. He represented an era of stability and splendor and was considered, by later pharaohs, to be the ultimate king. His mummy has been unearthed in the 19th century and put on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. Egyptians have long declared that Ramses II was one of their greatest pharaohs; they often refer to him as "The Great Ancestor.” PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Cleopatra VII The Philopator 51–30 BC (21 years) Greek Word: (father-loving goddess) Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from (51 to 30 BC), and its last active ruler. Her first language was Koine Greek, and she is the only Ptolemaic ruler known to have learned the Egyptian language. Cleopatra VII, the last ruler of Ptolemaic Egypt, died on either 10 or 12 August, in Alexandria, when she was 39 years old After her death, Egypt became a province of the Roman Empire, marking the end of the last Hellenistic-period state in the Mediterranean, a period which had lasted since the reign of Alexander (336–323 BC) PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE  Amenhotep III The Ninth Pharaoh of Egypt's 18th Dynasty Amenhotep III as one of the best and most influential rulers in ancient Egyptian history. He is most notable for his diplomatic skill, generosity, and ability to create strong alliances with foreign powers. The thirty-eight years of Amenhotep III's rule are largely considered to be a Golden Age during the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt because of Prosperity, Political Stability, Cultural and Economic Expansion. Many of the most impressive structures of Ancient Egypt were built under his reign; Sun Temple, Collossi of Memnon, Luxor Temple, Makalta, Great Aten Temple Etc. (c. 1386-1353 BCE) Amenhotep III died in around 1354 BC and was buried in his huge tomb in the secluded western branch of the Valley of the Kings He is also known as Nebma'atre, Amenophis III Amenhotep III ruled Egypt for nearly Four Decades, until his death around 1352 BCE at the age of 48. When he became pharaoh, he inherited a wealthy, powerful state, in part due to the military success of his grandfather, Tuthmoses III. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE NEFERTITI BY: JASO JASO, LOUISE JULIANE E. Nefertiti, meaning "the beautiful one has come," was a powerful and enigmatic figure in ancient Egypt. She was the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten, who ruled Egypt during the Amarna Period (c. 1353-1336 BCE). The Iconic Bust of Nefertiti: A testament to her striking features - delicate nose, almond-shaped eyes, and a graceful neck. Royal Hairstyles: Nefertiti is often depicted with elaborate hairstyles, adorned with ornate headdresses and jewelry. The "false braid" was a popular style, signifying power and status. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE HATSHEPSUT (1479 - 1458 BC) -Woman who defied the norms of ancient egypt - Became the first female pharaoh to hold absolute power Born : 1507 BC Died : 1458 BC (aged 50) PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Urban Planners and Architects The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, is considered to have had some of the most advanced urban planning and construction systems in the ancient world. Examples of their urban planning and architecture: Grid system Zoning and segregation - Drainage and sanitation etc. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Merchants & Traders Indus Valley merchants facilitated local and international trade, connecting their civilization to Central Asia, Persia, and Mesopotamia. They advanced commerce through standardized weights, seals, and organized marketplaces, driving economic growth and cultural exchange. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Craftsmen and Artisans Highly skilled artisans who produced a range of goods using advanced techniques. Produced pottery, beads, metal tools, jewelry, and seals. Materials: clay, stone, bronze, copper. Emphasized technical precision and aesthetic design. Mastery of materials and techniques. Preserved cultural heritage by passing down skills. Essential roles in economy and society of the Indus Valley Civilization. Contributed to prosperity, trade, and cultural identity.  The archaeological evidence suggests that the Indus Valley Civilization had a sophisticated, nature-based Religious religion with perhaps a class of ritual specialists who oversaw religious observances, but there are no Leaders and comprehensive documents from this civilization regarding its religious leaders or rituals. With evidence Practitioners pointing to proto-Hindu-like deities and customs, this religion seems to have been more decentralized and concentrated on fertility and natural forces. Priestly Class: The priestly class of the Indus Valley Civilization likely oversaw religious rituals and ceremonies The arrangement of public and private areas in towns like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, as well as structures that mimic altars and ritual baths, lend credibility to this idea. Figurines and Symbol: The well-known *Pashupati seal*, which shows a figure sitting in a yogic pose with animals all around, is frequently seen as a proto-Shiva or a fertility, nature, and animal-related deity. People may have worshipped this figure, and religious authorities may have guided or influenced them. Ritual Structures: Another powerful sign of ritual activity is the Great Bath of Mohenjo-Daro. According to scholars, this building would have been utilized for rituals of purification, much like later Indian customs. Shamans or healers: Evidence points to the possibility that some practitioners performed rituals to aid in healing or wellbeing, acting as shamans or healers. Horned figures, which are connected to shamanic rituals in many ancient societies, are seen in certain Indus seals and figurines. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE By: Tolentino, Annika Gold CONFUCIUS “ Do not do unto others what you would not want others to do unto you.” Famous philosopher in ancient China who lived from 551 to 479 BCE during the Zhou Dynasty. He taught that kindness, respect for tradition, and harmony with others were very important. His main ideas included ren, which means being caring and kind, and li, which means following proper rules and rituals. Confucius believed that education was the key to becoming a better person. He opened a school where he shared his teachings with students. These students later spread his ideas across China. Today, Confucius' teachings, known as Confucianism, still influence Chinese and East Asian culture, promoting respect, responsibility, and harmony. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Qin Shi Huang (259 BC - 210 BC) First emperor of China and famous for unifying China and initiating the construction of the Great Wall to protect the empire from northern invaders Qin Shi Huang sat on the thrown at the age of 13 years old There were three different assassination attempts to take his life. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Laozi Master Lao or Old Master Master Lao (Old Master) or Lao Tzu Asemi-legendary ancient Chinese philosopher and an author of the Tao Te Ching, a primary Daoist writing (circa 6th century BCE). Laozi is the founder of Taoism/Daoism, a spiritual and philosophical system that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao, or "The Way". Laozi is venerated as a philosopher by Confucians and as a saint or god in popular religion and was worshipped as an imperial ancestor during the Tang dynasty (618–907). PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE SOCRATES (469 - 399 BCE) Socrates was born around 469 BCE in Athens, Greece. Socrates was an ancient Greek philosopher He is best known for his method of inquiry known as the "Socratic method," He was likely influenced by the cultural and philosophical milieu of Athens, which included the works of earlier philosophers such as Heraclitus and Pythagoras. Socrates did not leave any written works PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE ARISTOTLE (Greek Philosopher & Scientist) Born in Stagira Greece, 384- 322 BCE Also known as Aristoteles "The Father of Western Logic" The Greatest and most well known founders of Western philosophy and literary theory. Founder of Lyceum Famous students of Aristotle: - Alexander the Great - Theophrastus PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE PLATO 800 BCE- 146 BE What was PLATO known for? Student of Socrates ✅ THE REPUBLIC - aims to explore what constitutes a just life, the nature of knowledge and reality, and the best way to organize a society. ✅ ACADEMY IN ATHENS - The goal of Academy in Athen was to advance knowledge and train future leaders in philosophy, mathematics, and other disciplines. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Phidias or Pheidias (480–430 BC) Born: Athens, Greece Died: 430 BC, Archaeological Site of Olympia, Greece Phidias was an Ancient Greek sculptor, painter, and architect, active in the 5th century BC. His Statue of Zeus at Olympia was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Pericles' enemies accused Phidias of stealing gold from the statue of the Athena Parthenos in 432, but he was able to disprove the charge. Phidias is often credited as the main instigator of the Classical Greek sculptural design. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of all ancient Greek sculptors PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Alexander the Great Alexander the Great was the king of Macedon, born in 356 BCE. Tutored by Aristotle, he was educated in philosophy, science, and leadership. Became king at age 20 and quickly took control over Greece. Conquered the Persian Empire, defeating King Darius III and expanding his empire from Greece to India. Founded cities and spread Greek culture, leading to the rise of Hellenistic culture. Died in 323 BCE in Babylon at age 32, leaving his empire divided. His legacy marked the start of the Hellenistic Period and greatly influenced future generations. 356 BC- 323 BC  HERODOTUS (484 B.C - 425 B.C) “Father of History” His groundbreaking work, The Histories, revolutionized the way history was written and studied. Herodotus is widely credited with inventing the field of historical research. His meticulous approach to gathering information and his engaging storytelling style set a new standard for historical writing. Herodotus was a passionate traveler, visiting Egypt, Persia, Libya, Syria, Babylonia, and other parts of the Persian Empire. He immersed himself in different cultures, collecting firsthand accounts, observing customs, and documenting historical events. The Histories primarily focuses on the Greco-Persian Wars (499-479 BCE), a pivotal conflict that shaped the ancient world. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE SOPHOCLES (c. 496 BCE - c. 406 BCE) He was born in 496 BCE, in the Colonus, a village outside the walls of Athens, where his father, Sophillus, was a wealthy manufacturer of armour, and died at the venerable age of ninety in 406 BCE. One of the most famous and celebrated writers of tragedy plays in Ancient Greece – Of his eight plays (seven full, one fragmented) that remain today, his most famous is Oedipus the King (Oedipus Rex), which is known for its impressive construction and use of dramatic devices. He was the second of three great ancient Greek tragedians and was the younger contemporary of Aeschylus and the older contemporary of Euripides. He was known for creating moments of high dramatic tension, and credited with introducing a third actor, increasing the size of the chorus, and using painted scenery. Sophocles's work is not only a record of Greek theatre but also provides an invaluable insight into many of the political and social aspects of Greek religion. He believed that “people can become more genuinely human through pain, suffering, and the endurance of tragic crisis.” PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE  PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS (570-495 B.C) THE PYTHAGOREANS WERE LED BY A MAN NAMED PYTHAGORAS, A MATHEMATICIAN, SCIENTIST, AND MYSTIC OF ANCIENT GREECE. PYTHAGORAS IS RESPONSIBLE FOR SEVERAL NOTABLE SCIENTIFIC AND PHILOSOPHICAL DISCOVERIES, BUT HE IS MOST FAMOUS FOR THE PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM IN MATH. HIS LIFE WAS VERY MUCH MYSTERY, BUT HIS TEACHINGS SHAPED THE ANCIENT WORLD.  Pericles (born c. 495 bce, Athens—died 429, Athens) Pericles was an Athenian statesman who was primarily responsible for the full development of both the Athenian democracy and the Athenian empire in the later 5th century bce, establishing Athens as Greece's political and cultural centre. His accomplishments included the construction of the Acropolis, which began in 447. Politics - Pericles established what is known as "radical democracy.” Architecture - Parthenon and Propylaia 32 Arts and Culture - During Pericles' reign, Athens thrived as a center of education, art, culture, and democracy. Golden age -The Greek city-state of Athens experienced its Golden Age between 480 and 404 BCE.  Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was famous statesman, military leader, and dictator of Rome. Caesar was born on either July 12th or 13th in 100 B.C. to a noble, aristocratic family in the Roman Republic. Julius Caesar is most known for his military strategy, his dictatorship over Rome, and his many reforms for the Roman people. The strategic political alliance among Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus came to be known as the First Triumvirate. In 65 B.C., Caesar became aedile—an important Roman magistrate Caesar was assassinated by political rivals in Rome on the Ides of March—March 15—in 44 BCE. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Augustus (Octavian) - Gaius Octavius Thurinus was born in 63 BCE, in the city of Velletri, southeast of Rome. - Adopted by his great-uncle, Julius Caesar, in 44 BCE, taking the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). - Became Augustus in 27 BCE, marking the start of the Roman Empire. Key Achievements - Pax Romana (Roman Peace): Established a 200-year period of peace and stability. - Government Reforms: Restructured the Senate and provincial governance to stabilize Rome’s political landscape. - Military Reorganization: Created a standing army and navy, defending and expanding the empire’s borders. - Infrastructure Development: Commissioned roads, aqueducts, and public buildings, improving Rome’s economy and unifying the empire. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE TRAJAN CAESAR Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 98 AD to 117 AD. considered one of Rome's greatest emperors. One of Trajan's greatest accomplishments was his conquest of Dacia which significantly expanded the Roman Empire and brought immense wealth, particularly from Dacia’s rich gold mines PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Villadiego, Nicole Marcus Tullius Cicero 1BSN1D (106–43 BCE) was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer, and writer, widely regarded as one of the greatest orators and prose stylists in Latin literature. - DEATH - Rhetoric and Oratory Cicero was placed on the list of people under His works on rhetoric, especially De Oratore, proscription because of his vocal opposition to are foundational texts in the study of public Mark Antony, which was a component of his speaking and argumentation. He was a resistance to the advent of autocracy. Antony's powerful figure in the Senate and the soldiers captured Cicero and put him to death. In courtroom because of his ability to combine the Roman Forum, his hands and skull were on reasoned argument with emotional appeal. exhibit as a somber warning to anybody who may oppose the triumvirs. - Literary Contributions - LEGACY As a writer, his letters shed light on his Cicero stands as a symbol of the Roman own beliefs and interactions with other Republic's ideals and a voice for reason and influential people, while also providing a moderation in an era of political instability. vivid window into the political life of the His work continues to be revered for its late Roman Republic. intellectual depth, rhetorical mastery, and moral commitment to the ideals of the Republic. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Constantine the Great (272-337 AD) Constantine made Christianity the main religion of Rome, and created Constantinople, which became the most powerful city in the world. Constantine fought in the Roman army for several years. He also witnessed Diocletian's persecution and murder of the Christians. This had a lasting impact on him. Constantine began to conquer neighboring kings with his large army. He expanded his portion of the Roman Empire. The people began to see him as a good leader. He also stopped the persecution of the Christians in his territory. Constantine's dream Constantinople The arch of Constantine Constantine ruled the Roman Empire until his death in 337. He was buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Nero (37 - 68 AD) Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus Nero is the fifth Roman Emperor, ruled from 54 to 68 AD. In 64 AD, the Great Fire of Rome destroyed 71% of the city, leading Nero to blame and persecute Christians. He constructed the extravagant Domus Aurea or The Golden House palace. Marcus Aurelius Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD), was a Roman emperor and philosopher, best known for his work Meditations, a series of personal writings that have been admired for their Stoic philosophy. He ruled the Roman Empire from 161 to 180 AD and is often regarded as one of the "Five Good Emperors" because of his effective and just leadership. Reign: 161-180 AD, marking the end of the Pax Romana. Background: Wealthy family, raised by mother and grandfather. Education: Learned Latin and Greek. Challenges: Faced significant military threats. Legacy: Known for Stoic philosophy.  Seneca The Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD) Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and essayist. He was a prominent figure during the reign of Emperor Nero, serving as his advisor and tutor for a time. HIS WORKS INCLUDES: Letters from a Stoic: A collection of letters offering guidance on Stoic principles and living a virtuous life. On the Shortness of Life: A philosophical essay urging readers to make the most of their time. On Anger: An exploration of the nature of anger and its harmful effects. On Tranquility of Mind: A treatise on achieving inner peace and tranquility. LEGACY Seneca's writings have had a lasting influence on Western philosophy and literature. His Stoic teachings continue to inspire people today, offering practical advice on dealing with adversity and living a meaningful life. His dramatic works have been adapted and performed throughout history, demonstrating the enduring power of his storytelling. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Hadrian Rome’s Greatest Builder Known as the "travelling emperor", Hadrian was one of the most appreciated emperors in the history of Rome. Hadrian oversaw several important building projects, including the Temple of Venus and Roma and Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian was one of the five good emperor of Rome Hadrian traveled extensively throughout the empire during his reign, especially to Greece PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Justinian I (482-565 CE) “The Resotorer of the Empire” Byzantine Emperor who ruled the Eastern Roman Empire from 527 to 565 AD Justinian is regarded as one of the most prominent and influential Roman emperors, and historians have often characterized him as a workaholic who worked tirelessly to expand the Byzantine empire Justinian's best known work was a codifier and legislator He greatly stimulated legal studies, and in 528 he set up a commission to produce a new code of imperial enactments or constitutions, the Codex Constitutionum. His subsequent legislative work to 565 is known as the Novels (Novellae Constitutiones Post Codicem) PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE THEODORA THE EMPRESS Born c. 497 ce - Died in 548 Known for: The wife of Justinian I, a powerful woman in Byzantine history. Before she became an empress, she was an actress and prostitute at a young age. Justinian was captivated by her beauty and intelligence so that he made her a mistress and married her in 525. She was Justinian's most trusted adviser, using her influence to promote religious and social policies that favored her interests. Her superior intelligence and deft handling of political affairs caused many to think that it was her rather than Justinian who ruled Byzantium. Theodora is remembered as one of the first rulers to recognize the rights of women, passing strict laws to prohibit the trafficking of young girls and This is representation of Theodora in altering the divorce laws to give greater benefits to women mosaic portrait in the church of San Vitale in Ravenna, Italy ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE KEY PEOPLE Basil II Porphyrigenitus (958 AD - 1025) - Former Emperor of Byzantine Empire Basil II Porphyrogenitus, nicknamed the Bulgar Slayer, was the senior Byzantine emperor from 976 to 1025. He and his brother Constantine VIII were crowned before their father Romanos II died in 963, but they were too young to rule. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Harun al-Rashid Harun al-Rashid was given the title al-Rashid, which means "the rightly guided one". His reign is traditionally regarded to be the beginning of the Islamic Golden Age. Harun Al-Rashid established the legendary library, The House of Wisdom in Baghdad, in present-day Iraq, and during his rule, Baghdad began to flourish as a world centre of knowledge, culture and trade.  Sarmiento, Sandra B. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE 1BSN1D AL-KHWARIZMI THE FATHER OF ALGEBRA Al-Khwarizmi was a renowned Persian, born around 780 CE in the region of Khwarazm, he passed away in 850 CE. He was a mathematician and astronomer, lived and worked in Baghdad during the first Golden Age of Arabic Science under the caliphs al-Ma’mun and al-Mu’tasim. The word algorithm comes from the Latin form of his name. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE FULL NAME: Abu ‘Ali al-Husayn Ibn Sina is better known in Europe by the Latinized name “Avicenna.” LIFESPAN: 980-1037 CE BACKGROUND: Ibn Sina, born in Afshana near Bukhara in Central Asia around 980. best known as a polymath and one of history's most influential physicians. His expertise spanned medicine, philosophy, astronomy, and more. MAJOR WORKS: THE CANON OF MEDICINE (Al- Qanun fi al- Tibb) - A foundational medical text that influenced Islamic and European medicine for centuries. THE BOOK OF THE CURE (Kitab al- Shifa) - A comprehensive work on philosophy, science, and metaphysics. CONTRIBUTIONS: LEGACY: MEDICINE - Advanced understanding of “Father of early medicine” and anatomy, pharmacology, and hygiene. “The Prince of Philosophers” PHILOSOPHY - Integrated Greek and Islamic thought, impacting later scholars. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE KEY PEOPLE Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I (Pacal The Great) ❖ A Maya king who ruled the City of Palenque or Lakamha (in Modern Mexico) ❖ He became king at the age of 12, but his mother, the former queen continued as regent until he was a grown adult. ❖ Pakal ruled for 68 years from 615-683 AD Architectural Developments: ❖ The Temple of the Inscriptions: Built as his funerary monument, this temple holds one of the longest Maya inscriptions. He was buried in a large sarcophagus (stone coffin), his skeletal remains inside the coffin still had the jade funerary mask and bead necklaces. ❖ The Palace: Known for stucco decorations and courtyards, it served as a royal residence and administrative center. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Lady K’ab’al Xook (also known as Lady Xoc) Lady Xook was from Yaxchilan, a powerful Maya city-state located in present-day Chiapas, Mexico, near the border with Guatemala. Her legacy reflects the rich cultural and social fabric of the ancient Maya civilization, which extended across parts of modern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. Wife of King Itzamnaaj B’alam II (Shield Jaguar) of Yaxchilan Maya Queen consort of Yaxchilan Died 3 April 749 Role in Yaxchilan As queen, she influenced major rituals and ceremonies, helping secure divine favor for the royal family and ensuring political stability in the kingdom. Bloodletting Rituals Famous for her bloodletting rituals, depicted in Lintel 24, she used the act of offering her blood to communicate with the gods, ensuring royal succession and cosmic balance. Carvings & Inscriptions Her life and deeds are recorded in Maya carvings and hieroglyphic inscriptions, particularly in the lintels and stelae of Yaxchilan, which emphasize her religious and royal importance. Legacy Lady Xook’s legacy continues to influence Maya studies today. She is remembered for her significant contributions to the cultural and religious life of the Maya civilization. PROBLEMS MAYAN CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMES KEY PEOPLE Yax K'uk' Mo' Copan’s First King The founder and first king of the Mayan City of Copan for 350 years. Also known as “ LORD O F THE WEST” His name is translated as “Radiant First Quetzal Macaw” or “ Sun-Eyed Green Macaw” or even “ Sun in the Mouth Of the Quetzal Bird”. Established a dynasty that focused on art, culture, trade, military expansion, and building projects. One of the most commonly cited motifs for this interpretation is the "goggle-eyed" headdress with which Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ is commonly depicted; this is seemingly an allusion to the northern central Mexican rain deity known as Tlaloc. The `goggles', which some writers have speculated are proof of ancient alien activity in the rise of the Maya civilization (as they resemble pilot's goggles), are not eye protection but, rather, part of the king's ceremonial headdress. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui - “Reverser of the world or earth shaker” - The ninth Sapa Inca (reigned 1438–1471 CE) who transformed the Kingdom of Cuzco into the vast Inca Empire. He is credited with initiating the construction of Machu Picchu and expanding the empire’s infrastructure. KEY ACHIEVEMENTS He developed an impressive road He organized labor through system, and terraces for agriculture. the mita system. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Huayna Capac Birth name was Titu Cusí Huallpa Son of the Sapa Inca Topa Inca and Mama Ocllo Estimated birth year 1464-1488 CE Born near Tumebamba (Ecuador) Ruled the Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire from 1493 to 1525 Expanding the Inca Empire Achieving Military Successes Building infrastructure Strengthening the Government Promoting culture and religion Encouraging Cultural Exchange PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE ATAHUALPA Last Incan Emperor -Atahualpa or Atawallpa (1502 – 1533) was the 13th, and last, emperor of the Tahuantinsuyo, or Inca empire. He became emperor upon defeating his older half-brother, Huáscar, in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac, from an infectious disease thought to be malaria or smallpox. During this civil war, the Spaniard Francisco Pizarro crossed his path, and by sheer luck, captured Atahualpa and used him to control the Inca empire. Eventually, the Spanish executed Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire. - Cultural destruction followed on a large scale. It took just eight years for the Spanish to all but destroy an ancient culture, replacing it with a less just system with slave owners and slaves. Under the Incas, consumption and food production had been carefully balanced, with everyone contributing to the good of the community and everyone receiving enough.  Leonardo da Vinci: The Renaissance Genius Leonardo da Vinci, born in 1452, was a Renaissance genius known for his painting, science, and engineering. His famous works, The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are admired for their realism and emotion. Da Vinci’s notebooks reveal his scientific passion, featuring designs for flying machines and anatomy studies, blending art with science. His influence on art and science remains strong, with his creative works continuing to inspire today. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE Michelangelo 1475- 1564 CE Quick Facts : Michelangelo studied sculpture in Medici family gardens He wrote 300 poems He spent four years painting Sistine Chapel ceiling Famous Works of Michelangelo : 1. Statue of David 2. Statue of Pietà 3. The ceiling paintings of Rome's Sistine Chapel. PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE HIPPOCRATES PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS “PYTHAGORAS” PROBLEMS ANCIENT CIVILIZATION IN THE ANCIENT TIMELINE TIMESKEY PEOPLE MANCO CAPAC -Manco Capac is a legendary figure in Incan mythology, believed to be the first Sapa Inca (emperor) and a significant cultural hero who founded the city of Cusco. -Manco Capac was in charge of teaching the savage men how to take care of the land and show them about agriculture, finishing, Born: Cusco, Peru construction, religion, etc. Died: 1230 Spouse: Mama Uqllu -Was believed to be the son of Inti the sun god and Mama Quilla, goddess Father: Apu tambo of the moon. -Become the first ruler of the Incas. Manco went on to have 400 children. ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION RPT SLIDE 2 ANCIENT CIVILIZATION TIMELINE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION PYRAMID OF GIZA - Also known as Khufu’s Pyramid or Pyramid of Cheops. - Remained the tallest man-made structure for nearly 4000 years. - Was built as a tomb for Pharaoh Khufu, who ruled during Egypt’s Fourth Dynasty. - Materials: Limestone (core, casing), mortar (to bind limestone blocks together), basalt (flooring and paving), and granite (inner chambers). - Architect : Hemiunu (architect and overseer under pharaoh khufu) - The most powerful person next to the pharaoh was the “vizier”. - Raft: Transported heavy stones via the Nile. - Nile River: Key route for moving materials from quarries to Giza.  THE STATUE OF ZEUS IN OLYMPIA The statue of Zeus at Olympia was created by Phidias around 435 BCE, it was housed in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece. DEPICTION Zeus enthroned majestically surrounded by an elaborate throne holding Nike in his right hand and an eagle on a scepter in his left SIZE Estimated to be about 12 meters high (39 ft), seven times taller than the average man and occupying half the width of the temple aisle. WHY WAS IT BUILD SO LARGE? The Statue of Zeus at Olympia was built to be so large to emphasize the difference in power between the gods and humans. THE STATUE OF ZEUS IN OLYMPIA MATERIAL USED The core structure was made of wood. Sewn with a tunic of ivory (Zeus’s skin), and overlaying of gold (garments & ornaments). DESTRUCTION Lost in fifth century CE, probably destroyed in a fire in the capital of the Byzantine Empire.  THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON DESCRIPTION: The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were the fabled gardens which beautified the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, built by its greatest king Nebuchadnezzar II LOCATION: according to Stephanie Dalley, an Oxford University Assyriologist, located some 340 miles north of ancient Babylon in Nineveh, on the Tigris River by Mosul in modern Iraq. According to legend, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, considered one of the seven Ancient Wonders of the World, were built in the 6th century B.C.E by King Nebuchadnezzar II for his homesick wife, Amytis. MATERIALS USE: It consists of vaulted terraces, raised one above another, and resting upon cube-shaped pillars.  THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON The word is derived from the Greek word “kremastós” which literally means “overhanging.” This has a broader meaning than just hanging and would refer to a garden that is elevated with its plants and trees overhanging the terraces they grew on. It’s estimated that Babylon was one of the largest cities in the world from 1770 to 1670 B.C. and then again during the period the hanging gardens were supposedly built from 602 up until 320 B.C It’s also believed that Babylon was the first city in the world to ever reach a population of over 200,000 people, which would have been a massive amount in those times. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon have sometimes been described as the “Hanging Gardens of Semiramis.” She was a female Assyrian ruler who is believed to have extensively rebuilt Babylon in the 9th century B.C. Being a female reigning and being able to stabilize the empire during political unrest gave her a mythical status.  Colossus of Rhodes The construction of the colossus of Rhodes, a massive bronze statue of the sun god helios, was initiated around 292 bc and completed in 280 bc. It was built to celebrate the successful defense of the Rhodes against siege by the forces of the Demetrius I of Macedon 305 bc The colossus of rhodes was measured approximately 33 m or 108 ft tall Materials used: bronze, iron, stone, marble Colossus of Rhodes Symbolism Crown of Helios: Sunrays, which symbolizes the 12 months of the year Torch: Symbolizes light Bow: Protection and Defense Location of the statue: Harbor’s Entrance/ Front; Symbolizes protection when entered  THE LIGHTHOUSE OF ALEXANDRIA Wonder of the Ancient Architectural Location World Achievement Situated on the island of It exemplifies ancient engineering Pharos, it was connected to The Lighthouse of Alexandria is and architectural prowess. the city of Alexandria by a celebrated as one of the Seven causeway. Wonders of the Ancient World. Symbol of Power Cultural Emblem Maritime Guide Represented the power and Functioned as an emblem Served as a practical guide for influence of the Ptolemaic of the grandeur of sailors navigating the waters of Kingdom. Alexandria, a vital cultural the Mediterranean. and intellectual hub.