1.-Pre-Baroque-Period-Meso-and-Egyptian (1).pdf

Pre – Baroque Period (1600) Art History Timeline  Mesopotamian Civilization Egyptian Greek Civilization Roman Medieval Renaissance 2023 Art History Timeline 2 Mesopotamia Called...

Pre – Baroque Period (1600) Art History Timeline  Mesopotamian Civilization Egyptian Greek Civilization Roman Medieval Renaissance 2023 Art History Timeline 2 Mesopotamia Called the “Fertile Crescent,” this was the first agrarian 2023 civilization in the Art History Timeline 3 Mesopotamian Civilization “The civilization between the two 2023 rivers" Art History Timeline 4 Mesopotamian Civilization Nourished by two rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates. The first civilization known to the history of mankind. Became the base for many aspects of western civilization. The geography of Mesopotamia that included flat and marshy land can be traced to parts of modern-day Syria, almost all of Iraq and Southeastern Turkey. 2023 Art History Timeline 5 2023 Art History Timeline 6 Sumerian Civilization The Sumerians were the first humans to form a civilization. They invented writing and government. Sumerian writing, government, and culture would pave the way for future civilizations. 2023 Art History Timeline 7 Akkadian Civilization They formed the first united empire where the city- states of the Sumer were united under one ruler. The Akkadian language replaced the Sumerian language during this time. 2023 Art History Timeline 8 Babylonian Civilization The city of Babylon became the most powerful city in Mesopotamia. Babylonians would create vast empires that ruled much of the Middle East. The Babylonians were the first to write down and record their system of law. 2023 Art History Timeline 9 Assyrian Civilization They were a warrior society. Clay Tablets found in 2023 Assyrian cities. Art History Timeline 10 Chaldean Babylon Civilization The Medes and Chaldeans joined the opposed people within the Assyrian Empire in 612 BCE to capture and destroy Nineveh. Tribes of settlers who arrived in the region from the 8th century BC became known as the Chaldeans or the Chaldees. The language of the Chaldean people is Aramaic. 2023 Art History Timeline 11 Aramaic Language 2023 Art History Timeline 12 Hanging Gardens of Babylon 2023 Art History Timeline 13 Persian Civilization The Persians put an end to the rule of the Assyrians and the Babylonians. They conquered much of the Middle East 2023 including Art History Timeline 14 Geographic Conditions Little rainfall Hot and dry climate windstorms leaving muddy river valleys in winter. Catastrophic flooding of the rivers in spring. Arid soil containing little minerals. No stone or timber resources. 2023 Art History Timeline 15 2023 Art History Timeline 16 Religion Position of King was enhanced and supported by religion. Kingship believed to be created by gods and the king’s power was divinely ordained. Belief that gods lived on the distant mountaintops. Each god had control of certain things and each city was ruled by a different god. Kings and priests acted as interpreters as they told the people what the god wanted them to do. 2023 Art History Timeline 17 Religion Polytheistic religion consisting of over 3600 gods and demigods Prominent Mesopotamian gods Enlil - (supreme god and god of air) Ishtar - (goddess of fertility and life) An - (god of heaven) Enki - (god of water and Gods w ere w orshipped at huge tem ples called underworld) ziggurats Shamash - (god of sun and giver of 2023 law) Art History Timeline 18 Visual Arts Ziggurats Large temples dedicated to the god of the city. Made of layer upon layer of mud bricks in the shape of a pyramid in many tiers (due to constant flooding and from belief that gods resided on mountaintops). Temple on top served as the god’s home and was beautifully decorated. Inside was a room for offerings of food and goods. Famous ziggurat was Tower of Babel (over 100m above ground and 91m base). 2023 Art History Timeline 19 Visual Arts Hunting Scene, 2250–2150 B.C. Eye Idol, 3500–3100 B.C 2023 Art History Timeline 20 Mesopotamian Art Mesopotamian art and architecture were produced by the diverse peoples who occupied the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers from about 3500 to 539 BC. God and rulers become central to the creation of art. 2023 Art History Timeline 21 Mesopotamian Art Artwork was intended to serve as a way to glorify powerful rulers and their connection to divinity (gods and immortality). Artwork made from resources such as stone, shells, alabaster and marble and was often created as didactic pieces. 2023 Art History Timeline 22 Mesopotamian Art No artist signatures can be found on most of the work, because the pieces were meant to embody the subject matter, rather than the creator. 2023 Art History Timeline 23 Code of Hammurabi The Code of Hammurabi was the first laws system created in the Middle East civilization. The laws were written in stone and was placed in a public location so everyone can take a look at the 282 laws that the citizens should be obeyed. 2023 Art History Timeline 24 Code of Hammurabi The laws might seem hard by today’s standards, but Hammurabi created those laws because he wants everyone to be responsible for their own actions and Hammurabi wanted the citizens all to be fair. The original stone is located now in the Louvre Museum in France. 2023 Art History Timeline 25 Code of Hammurabi One famous principle for this law: An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth”. Examples: If a person puts out another person's eye, the person would be put out for return. If a son slaps his father, his hands shall be cut off. 2023 Art History Timeline 26 Cuneiform The first form of writing dating to 3500 BCE. Cuneiform is a general word, like alphabet used to describe a kind of writing. Cuneiform came from Latin cuneus, which means “wedge”. Therefore, any script can be called cuneiform as long as individual signs are composed of wedges. 2023 Art History Timeline 27 Pictograph Pictographs are written symbols that represent real objects. 2023 Art History Timeline 28 Cuneiform Sumerians created cuneiform script over 5000 years ago. It was the world’s first written language. The last known cuneiform inscription was written in 75 AD. Cuneiform was adapted by the Akkadians, Babylonians, Sumerians and Assyrians to write their own languages and was used in Mesopotamia for about 3000 years. 2023 Art History Timeline 29 Architecture Materials Adobe and bricks, covered with stone. Types of Buildings Palaces: decorated with sculptures Temples: each one Palace of Sargon: Khorsabad dedicated to a god. 2023 Art History Timeline 30 Architecture Types of Buildings Ziggurat: terraced pyramid. The upper level was a sanctuary and astronomical observatory. 2023 Art History Timeline 31 Sculpture Main Characteristics Rulers and important people, decoration, propaganda and creatures. Idealization – representing something better that what is actually is. Generally used for important people. Hierarchical Perspective – the characters are larger depending on their importance. 2023 Art History Timeline 32 Sculpture Types Free standing sculpture (not attached to other surfaces). 2023 Art History Timeline 33 Sculpture Types Relieves – partly attached to a background surface (bas, mid and high Representation of Rulers 2023 relief) Art History Timeline 34 2023 Art History Timeline 35 2023 Art History Timeline 36 2023 Art History Timeline 37 2023 Art History Timeline 38 2023 Art History Timeline 39 2023 Art History Timeline 40 2023 Art History Timeline 41 2023 Art History Timeline 42 2023 Art History Timeline 43 2023 Art History Timeline 44 2023 Art History Timeline 45 2023 Art History Timeline 46 2023 Art History Timeline 47 Egyptian Nile River was the “SOUL” of Ancient Egypt 2023 Art History Timeline 48 The Top Ten: Longest Rivers of the World Updated February 28, 2017, | Infoplease Staff 2023 Art History Timeline 49  Egypt is a country located at the northern part of Africa. Their capital is Cairo. Their kings are called Pharaohs. They were powerful and considered as gods. Egypt is found along the river Nile with abundance of papyrus plants along it banks. Egypt became the center of civilization around 5000 BC. 2023 Art History Timeline 50  Egyptians Art refers to the paintings, sculpture, decorative arts and architecture produces by the Egyptians between 5000 BC and 300 BC to honor the dead (ancestor). Their arts were considered as Art for Eternity or Funeral Art. Their arts were for religious purposes. 2023 Art History Timeline 51 Religion and Beliefs Egyptians were polytheist; believed and worshiped many gods such as Ra (the sun god), Osiris (god of the Nile, Horus (the sky God) etc. The gods appear in human or animal forms or combinations. They belief in life after death, when a person dies, the soul continues to live in another world in the 2023 Art History Timeline 52 Artforms Paintings Sculpture Architecture Decorative Arts Pottery Literature 2023 Art History Timeline 53 Government GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the gods on earth. 2023 Art History Timeline 54 Government Religion and government brought order to society through: The construction of TEMPLES The creation of LAWS TAXATION The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR TRADE with neighbors The DEFENCE of the country’s interests. 2023 Art History Timeline 55  Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co- operation of all levels of the population. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS, followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS (administrators) who ensured that the 42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the 2023 SCRIBES, Art History Timeline ARTISANS, FARMERS, and56 What determined Egypt’s economic prosperity? Wealth Agriculture made up most of Egypt’s wealth – grain, vegetables, fruit, cattle, goats, pigs and fowl Abundance and management of food supplies was the measure of Egypt’s wealth – full granaries, plenty of wildlife and fish, and thriving herds were the signs of prosperity. 2023 Art History Timeline 57 What determined Egypt’s economic prosperity? Economy Simple economy based on food production and minerals from desert. Access to the Mediterranean their routes extended trade as far as Northern Europe, subtropical Africa and the Near East. Trading was done by bartering goods (grain, oil, wheat. Taxes, salaries and loans were all paid entirely on goods. Extensive trading made Egypt a powerful influence on culture, art, ideas and technology (i.e.. Western calendar was taken from the Romans who had borrowed it from the Egyptians). Trade eventually grew and expanded, bringing new ideas and goods into Egyptian 2023 Art History Timeline 58 society. Architecture The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of STONE, the most durable of all building materials. These building projects took a high degree of architectural and engineering SKILL, and the organization of a LARGE WORKFORCE consisting of highly trained craftsmen and laborers. 2023 Art History Timeline 59  Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were decorated with PAINTINGS, CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people and the natural world of plants, birds and animals. 2023 Art History Timeline 60 2023 Art History Timeline 61 2023 Art History Timeline 62  One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the PYRAMIDS. SEVERAL THEORIES attempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for now, the mystery has not yet been solved. 2023 Art History Timeline 63  King Sneferu’s Bent The Pyramid of Pyramid Menkaure, son of Khafre. Khufu, son of King Sneferu. The Great Pyramid is the only surviving member of the Seven Wonders of the World (Height: 138.75 m (455.21 ft) Length of Side: 230.37). 2023 Art History Timeline 64  Ramp on Pyramid 2023 Art History Timeline 65 Hieroglyphic Writing Documented around 5100, may have been traded in from Mesopotamia. Hieroglyphics which are pictographs and phonetics. Written on papyrus, clay, buildings. Egypt developed its own 2023 script. Art History Timeline 66 Rosetta Stone What is the Rosetta Stone? The Rosetta Stone is a stone with writing on it in two languages (Egyptian and Greek), using three scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic and Greek). It was carved in 196 2023 BCE. Art History Timeline 67 Rosetta Stone Why is it in three different scripts? The Rosetta Stone is written in three scripts (hieroglyphs for religious documents; demotic- common script of Egypt; Greek- language of the rulers of Egypt at that time) The Rosetta Stone was written in all three scripts so that the priests, government officials and rulers of Egypt could read what it said. 2023 Art History Timeline 68 Rosetta Stone What does the Rosetta Stone say? The Rosetta Stone is a text written by a group of priests in Egypt to honor the Egyptian pharaoh. It lists all of the things that the pharaoh had done that were good for the priests and the people of Egypt. 2023 Art History Timeline 69 Mummification Mummification focused on Egyptian belief of the importance of preserving the body. Afterlife would be spent enjoying best of life experiences. 2023 Art History Timeline 70 Mummification Body covered with natron and dried for up to 70 days. Body wrapped in linen coated with resins and oils. Middle Kingdom became customary to place a mask over the face. 2023 Art History Timeline 71 Mummification 2023 Art History Timeline 72 Mummification Removal of organs (lungs, stomach, intestines, liver) in Canopic Jars were closed with stoppers fashioned in the shape of four heads -- human, baboon, falcon, and jackal - representing the four protective spirits called the Four Sons of Horus. Brain was sucked out of the cranial cavity and thrown away because the Egyptian's thought it was useless. 2023 Art History Timeline 73 Achievements of the Egyptian Civilization The Pyramids Mummification Engineering Astronomy Irrigation Hieroglyphics Papyrus 2023 Art History Timeline 74 Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History Unification of Egypt King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt and wears double crown in 3100 BCE. Following Menes came 31 dynasties over 3000 years. 2023 Art History Timeline 75 Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History IMHOTEP Not a ruler but revered and his life was recorded (architect, medicine, right hand to Pharaoh Djoser (2686-2613 BCE) NATIONAL GOD “AMON-RE” Middle Kingdom: Under Theban Kings (south), the Theban god “Amon” merged with sun god “Re” which became Egyptian national god 2023 “Amon-Re” Art History Timeline 76 Highlights of Ancient Egyptian History EXODUS The liberation of the people of Israel from slavery in Egypt in the 13th century BCE, under the leadership of Moses; also, the Old Testament book of the same name. Moses receives the 10 Commandments at Mount Sinai but never find the “Promised 2023 Land” Art History Timeline 77 Paintings Paintings were done on papyrus paper, wooden panels, and walls of temples and tombs. Images appear in profile. Men were painted bigger and darker than women. The ancient Egyptians decorated tombs with paintings to ensure that the deceased spent eternity in a comfortable and familiar environment. 2023 Art History Timeline 78 2023 Art History Timeline 79 Sculpture Life size figures were carved in stones. Standing figures had their left feet placed in a forward position. Huge statues (sphinxes) were placed front of the pyramids to guard the tombs. In ancient Egypt, many sculptures were placed in tombs, where they represented the deceased and received 2023 Art History Timeline 80 2023 Art History Timeline 81 2023 Art History Timeline 82 Architecture Egyptians made one of the greatest structures ever built in the world e.g., Royal tombs and pyramid. Mastaba Tombs of the Elite Temples Palaces 2023 Art History Timeline 83 Mastaba Means “house for eternity”. It is an ancient Egyptian tomb in a form of flat roofed rectangular structure with sloping sides constructed out of mud bricks from the Nile river. 2023 Art History Timeline 84 2023 Art History Timeline 85 2023 Art History Timeline 86 Decorative Arts The Egyptians wore jewelry and amulets (charms) not only as decoration, but because they believed these items protected them against harm. They buried their dead with jewelry and amulets for the same reason: to protect against the perils (dangers) of the afterlife. 2023 Art History Timeline 87 Relevance and Influence of Egyptian Art on other Cultures. Egyptians influenced Greek sculpture. Introduced a system of picture writings called hieroglyphics. The Ancient Egyptians invented the calendar system. They invented paper from papyrus reed, a plant found in Egypt. They believed that when they die, their soul (ka) will live 2023 Art History Timeline 88 Thank you!