Mycoremediation: A Step Towards Sustainability 2020 PDF

Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability MINI REVIEW Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability Manisha Mishra, Deepa Srivastava* DOI: 10.18811/ijpen.v6i04.9 A b s t r ac t Mycoremediation is a new...

Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability MINI REVIEW Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability Manisha Mishra, Deepa Srivastava* DOI: 10.18811/ijpen.v6i04.9 A b s t r ac t Mycoremediation is a new wave of cutting-edge technology in this era that incorporates fungi in nursing environment damaged by toxins. Instigating fungi to such contaminated places leads the way for the natural cleaning process. Waste treatment plants running on incinerators, exercising physical and chemical methods, are injurious to the health of organisms and the environment. They lead to life-threatening diseases and negative soil pollution. Eco-friendly and secure techniques are to be employed for their management. Microfungi, as well as macrofungi, help in this procedure. They degrade environmental wastes as heavy metals, aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated compounds, organic compounds by their extracellular enzymes without harming any natural component of soil. Demand and the need for reaching net-zero emission remain farsighted deed in the current scenario of rapid industrialization. Therefore, merging of the fungi with new techniques can speed up other processes of sustainable recovery of hazardous pollutants that may help in fighting against deleterious pollution levels. Their enzymes assert a great role and help in xenobiotic degradation rendering land and water clean and safe. Nevertheless, they do not have any special growth demand. White rot fungi and many mushrooms can grow on a wide range of substrates. The most common being sawdust, agricultural waste, and straw. Their biosorption efficiency helps to reclaim contaminated land. Ligninolytic enzymes uphold the mycoremediation process. In this review, we have encapsulated the mycoremediation of toxic substances by various genera and species of fungi along with the mechanisms involved. The aim is to precisely draw attention to the magnificently inherited traits of fungi that make them apt for the remediation process. Keywords: Heavy metals, Lignin, Mycoremediation, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, White rot fungi. International Journal of Plant and Environment (2020); ISSN: 2454-1117 (Print), 2455-202X (Online) Introduction Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273009, Uttar Pradesh, India W ith the advent of the 21st century, there has been a raging soar for undertaking steps to balance climate change ranging from mitigating cumulative carbon dioxide emissions *Corresponding author: Dr. Deepa Srivastava, Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur-273009, Uttar Pradesh, India, Mobile: +91-9984468918; to meeting safe waste disposition and management works. An Email: [email protected] inadequate chemical and physical procedure to meet these How to cite this article: Mishra, M. and Srivastava, D. (2020). demands in a holistic approach has laid us back to readdress a Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability. International biological method for the degradation process. Solid or liquid Journal of Plant and Environment 6(4): 298-305. waste discarded on open land areas or water bodies remains Source of support: Nil for years without any treatment hindering human and livestock Conflict of interest: None activities. This leads to a reduction in landmass, a major challenge Submitted: 05/10/2020 Accepted: 05/12/2020 Published: 30/12/2020 in developing cities. The arrival of such wastes into the food chain leads to bioaccumulation together with biomagnification, jeopardizing the whole biotic community. Furthermore, loosing industrial pollutants. Fungal mycelium facilitates carbon of unimpeded chemicals from industries and raw products as sequestration, biodiversity preservation; their hyphae bind heavy metals, toxic chemical salts, xenobiotics, dyes, petroleum well with the soil, thus allowing the soil to retain water through products, pesticides, and e-waste has led us to embrace a water percolation. The Meta-proteomics method incorporates thoroughgoing process that works by replenishing compounds evaluating complete protein aggregates in any habitat at a which can be advantageous to the ecosystem. given rate. It scans absolute protein content among microbial Currently, preferable methods are bioremediation, communities dwelling in certain environments. (Hart et al., 2018). bioaugmentation, and rhizoremediation that not only involve Estimation of 16S rRNA genes in contaminated habitats provided living organisms to curb environmental pollution but also details on microorganisms colonizing natural surroundings. The have an efficiency in the decontaminating process are gaining behaviour of mRNA genes in mycoremediation permits flexibility popularity. Micro-organisms involved here help to transform the about the metabolic entities of microorganisms in polluted complex hydrocarbons. To reach the control goals of reducing areas (Lovely, 2003). Such genomic tools are gaining popularity carbon dioxide pollution, carbon accumulation through nowadays in evaluating genotypes of microbes (Han et al., 2020). vegetable biomass can be an effective remedy, and fungi may serve a key part. The role of fungi over toxic remediation is seeking attention nowadays. They are the hidden warriors B i o r e m e d iat i o n using Fungi covering acres of forest land and remaining much invisible Bioremediation is a process that engages living organisms, hence helping in regulating atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. mainly bacteria, and microbes to decontaminate polluted Mycoremediation demands the utilization of fungal biomass communities. Anthropogenic practices have had an impact to further fragment complex environmental and hazardous on the well-being of the ecosystem in the form of negative 298 International Journal of Plant and Environment, Volume 6 Issue 4 (2020)  Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability environmental repercussions as pollution. Mycoremediation, since mushrooms require these elements for their metabolic a term coined by Stamets (2005), enumerates the process of processes (Gast et al., 1988). utilizing fungi to attain a lesser polluted environment. On Mushrooms renew polluted soil via 3 steps biodegradation, account of the capabilities inherited by fungi to degrade bioconversion, and biosorption. Extracellular enzyme cellulose and lignin, breakdown of toxic chemicals, they production (peroxidases, cellulases, ligninase) aids polycyclic are named as natural decomposers assisting soil formation. aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation (Nyanhongo et Mycoremediation can happen at three primary places in a al., 2007). A bioconversion end product, mushroom, can be fungal cell that is on the surface, extracellular environment, or cultivated on lignin and cellulose waste. They can bio-transform intracellular environment. They are dominating biomass of soil the vegetable biomass into carbohydrates (beta-glucan), but not much exploited for bioremediation (Singh et al., 2015). proteins, enzymes (Khaund and Joshi, 2014; Kozarski et al., 2015). Filamentous fungus species also have their bit part in degrading Biosorption is the assimilation of heavy metals from an waste owing to their mycelial ability to acclimatize to extreme aqueous solution by utilizing energy. This process aids heavy climate conditions. Filamentous fungi producing mycotoxins metal remediation. Fungal mass carrying out this process also have a role in solid waste management. Recent studies binds heavy metals on their surface. Pleurotus tuber-regium are being conducted to elucidate the role of filamentous fungi can bio-absorb heavy metals from soil polluted with fertilizers for the bioremediation process that can be bioseparation of (Adongbede and Okhuoya, 2011). Volvariella volvacea, Tricholoma suspended solids (Barrech et al., 2018). saponaceum, and Pleurotus sajor-caju efficiently uptake heavy Besides distinct pharmaceutical and nutraceutical qualities, metals, but the metals had a toxic effect on the species fungi can also absorb carbon and help in cleaning polluted soils. (Purkayastha and Mitra, 1992; Kim and Kim, 2001; Jain et al., 1988). Stamets (2005) discussed an experiment that demonstrated Toxicity may be attributed to the low enzymatic breakdown Pleurotus ostreatus to be effective in remediating oil spills. of compounds, which may be lethal for the mushrooms. Such Mycelium spores were spread on a given area, and growth mushrooms are regarded as hazardous wastes, so they become of oyster mushroom was noted down that subsequently unfit for consumption. As mycelial growth occurs on agricultural became a spot of insects and bird attraction, being primary waste, the whole process being biological is not expensive or facets of ecosystem foundation. Mycoremediation is a site- habitat destructive. Aspergillus tubingensis can grow on plastic specific phenomenon. It involves cleaning hazardous waste surfaces and help in the bioremediation of polymer. through fungi by harnessing their inherent ability of enzymatic Clemmensen et al. (2013) reported the fact that around 70 breakdown (Table 1). Plastics are non-biodegradable polymers percent of the carbon treasured inside boreal forests comes that last in the environment. Their remediation by fungi is from dead roots and associated fungi (mycorrhizal association). also reported by Pleurotus ostreatus (Luz et al., 2013). Merits of Cryptococcus neoformans can withstand irradiation. Their Mushroom in bioremediation owe to its high accumulation melanized form was isolated from the Chernobyl nuclear power rate of heavy metals like lead, cadmium, magnesium, nickel plant with highly irradiated surroundings. Melanin scavenges Table 1: An overview of a few toxic compounds and the fungi involved in their remediation S.No. Name of Fungi Compounds References 1. Heavy metals Agaricus bisporus, Lactarius piperatus, Pleurotus ostreatus Cadmium Tay et al. (2011); Nagy et al. (2013) Flammulina velutipes Copper Luo et al. (2013) 2. Trametes hirsute Abadulla et al. (2000) Aspergillus flavus Textile dyes Andleeb et al. (2012) Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride Jebapriya and Gnanadoss (2013) Exophiala xenobiotica, Aspergillus flavus Petroleum products Adekunle and Oluyode (2005); Isola et 3. al. (2013) PAHs Pleurotus ostreatus i. Diphenyl ether Rosales et al. (2013) 4. Armillaria sp. ii. Anthracene Hadibarata et al. (2013) Aspergillus niger iii. Benzopyrene Wunder et al. (1994) Aspergillus niger, Agrocybe aegerita iv. Pyrene Hammel et al. (1986) 5. Pesticides Trametes pubescens i. Chlorophenols Denizli et al. (2005) Mucor alternans ii. DDT Anderson and Lichtenstein (1971) Fusarium oxysporum iii. DDT Engst and Kujawa (1968) White Rot Fungi iv. Chlorinated pollutants Arisoy (1998) International Journal of Plant and Environment, Volume 6 Issue 4 (2020) 299  Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability free radicals and, thus, it is reported to have shielding attributes and Fusarium can reduce and methylate arsenic as observed in a highly irradiated environment (Dadachova and Casadevall, by X-Ray absorption studies (Su et al., 2012). Arsenic (As), a toxic 2008). pollutant and carcinogen, turns water non-potable and unfit for Unique enz yme chain allows the fungi to digest irrigation gradually sets foot in people consuming it. M. Singh lignocellulose, furnishing them with a crucial function inside to et al. (2015) isolated 54 fungal strains from the middle Indo- balance the carbon circle. The hydrocarbon chains, once broken, Gangetic Plains. Often encountered species were of Aspergillus, their nutrients are locked up in cellulose are ready to be used by Trichoderma, Rhizopus, as well as Chaetomium species - making plants. Toxic substances are broken down into less or nontoxic these candidates of arsenic mycoremediation. Arsenic uptake forms. Despite the enormous potential that mycoremediation is believed to occur through glycerol, phosphate, and hexose holds, it has not been commercialized for large-scale usage. transporters (Tsai et al., 2009). Fungi thriving in extreme climates are very economical for The paper and pulp industry are among the pioneers of industrial purposes due to their tolerance of harsh conditions. heavy metal impurities having Cu, Cd, Mg, Mn in the highest Their merits over bacteria correspond to the ubiquitous concentration. Aspergillus and Mucor species have been reported presence, greater growth proportion, hyphae network, to pile them up in higher amounts. Mucor species prospers production of degrading enzymes, and metal accumulation under abiotic stress conditions. Mucor circinelloides help in-situ potential. bioremediation, and their activity can be enhanced by lessening ATPase activity (Zhang et al., 2017). Fungi have been elucidated M yco r e m e d iat i o n of H e av y M e ta l s to be least affected among a group of microbes in a study on culturable soil microbial population and the effect of antimony A definite group of heavy metals like Ag (Silver), Hg (Mercury), Mn and arsenic on them (Wang et al., 2011). The outcome of five (Manganese), Cu (Copper), Ni (Nickel), Sb (Antimony) constitute heavy metals (Copper, Zinc, Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium) on the Earth's crust, having high densities and atomic weights. They the growth of Pleurotus tuber-regium. Bioaccumulation of zinc gain access to the food chain through polluted water, soil, food, was the highest (183.06 mg/kg at 2 m mol/L). Cd accumulation and air sources. Usage of fertilizers and pesticides leads them to was satisfactory in contrast to Hg, which averted the growth. get incorporated into food products that we consume. A high Pb affected the stipe morphology (Akpaja et al., 2012). He et al. concentration of heavy metals may actually have poisoning (2018) reported that the species abundance kept reducing on effects as they tend to bioaccumulate. They break into the water incrementing uranium concentration. It led to the stimulation supply through industrial discharge that is being discarded in of certain functional genes, which can be integrated to gain water-bodies and, in turn, altering human health by giving rise to in-depth knowledge of ecosystem parameters. liver and kidney damage, cancer, bone defects, gastrointestinal problems, and neurological disturbances. Cadmium is present in phosphate fertilizers, alloys, PVCs M yco r e m e d iat i o n using W hi t e -R ot F u n g i (Polyvinyl Chloride), and petroleum products. Lead, mercury is The unequalled potential of the white-rot fungi (WRF) in present in batteries, cables and is emitted from coal combustion. decaying lignin (heterogenous polyphenolic polymer) relates Intake of contaminated water led to chronic diseases, for to them exhibiting enzymes that are lignin modifying. Thus, instance, Minamata disease in Japan that was caused due to can eliminate environmental pollutants explicitly, herbicides, consumption of methylmercury contaminated fishes (Harada, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorines, and 1995). Under excavating projects, cadmium was released into pesticides. The result of lignin degradation is a white-coloured water-bodies, and rice cultivated using such contaminated water appearance of wood and hence the name. These belong mostly led to biomagnification in the human population. Consequently, to basidiomycetes and quite a few to ascomycetes. Being natural Itai-Itai disease affected the people in that area (Abernethy et al., decomposers, they require a substrate for growth on pollutants 2010). Living fungi could be utilized to withdraw heavy metals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, especially in soil. Their appropriately from an aqueous medium as well as industrial enzymes help in providing substrate for growth (Reddy, 1995; effluents (Srivastava and Thakur, 2006). Baldrian et al., 2000; Pointing, 2001). Ligninolytic enzymes help Many other lethal diseases are due to heavy metal poisoning. in bio-transforming organic pollutants (Rodriguez-Rodriguez Fungi have helped in eliminating heavy metals by displacing et al., 2013). them from the soil and assembling them in their mycelia and Comprising a few white-rot fungi are Fomes fomentarius, fruiting bodies for further breakdown. Re-establishment of Ganoderma lucidum, Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes sp., Lentinula contaminated areas is executed employing macrofungi. A few edodes, Trichoderma viride, Phellinus pini, and Rhizopus sp. macrofungal species incorporated in mycoremediation of heavy Pleurotus pulmonarius happens to be tested for crude oil, metals are Pleurotus ostreatus, Calocybe indica, Agaricus bisporus, petroleum, and palm kernel mycoremediation. WRF embraces Boletus edulis, and Polyporus sp. (Urban et al., 2005). various mechanisms by integrating their enzymatic gift to Microfungi, Aspergillus niger, has manifested to be a superior degrade petroleum products (Fig. 1). The nutrient value was entity for chromium (Cr) remediation as it can stand and store up observed to have increased along with the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Thippeswamy et al., 2012). Maximum accumulation heavy metals (Adenipekun and Lawal, 2011). Syringol derivatives was of Pb (75.81%) accompanied by Zn (49.39%), Cu (45.35%), of azo dyes and their decay by Trametes versicolor have been and Ni (25.20%). Biosorption of heavy metals has been seen in trialed by Martin et al. (2003). Biodegradation assays have also Aspergillus flavus with 22% Pb and 20% Cu aggregation (Akar been executed to measure their possibility of wastewater and Tunali, 2006). Divergent strains of Trichoderma, Penicillium, treatment. Kapdan et al. (2000) considered Coriolus versicolor 300 International Journal of Plant and Environment, Volume 6 Issue 4 (2020)  Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability on the hydrogen peroxidase method. Oxidation of phenolic substrates is accentuated by the Mn (III) state of the enzyme (Mester and Tien, 2000). Laccase is the primary enzyme in the degradation process. They are multicopper oxidase enzymes (Viswanath et al., 2014) and can operate even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide (Hataka et al., 2001). Laccase likely oxidizes numerous aromatic and non-aromatic compounds, but they have a low shelf-life. They tend to engage in oligomerization and polymerization reactions of aromatic compounds. Laccase, combined with ultrasound, increases dye removal precision in wastewater. Nanobiotechnological studies on laccases for biosensor cell implantation have been done (Goncalves et al., 2015). Additional enzymes that are engaged in the mycoremediation process fall under the cellulolytic enzyme category comprising Fig. 1: Mechanism employed in mycoremediation of petroleum- cellulases (Trichoderma species), hemicellulases, pectinases, contaminated soil (Adapted from Dickson et al., 2019). chitinases (Fusarium species), amylases (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium species), and proteases. WRF uses agricultural to be able of biological decolorization of a textile dye, everzol left over as a substratum for yielding the above-mentioned turquoise blue. Trametestrogii, isolated from Tunisia, is also enzymes. Trametes versicolor degrades tribromophenol (TBP) beneficial in the degradation of commercial dyes (Mechichi et al., by implying enzyme laccase (Donoso et al., 2008). Copper 2006). Pleurotus ostreatus and Irpexlacteus can generate a range mineralizes lignin (Kües, 2015) and is used to remove water of transformation products (chlorobenzoates, hydroxylated contamination. PCBs) by degrading PCB, a soil contaminant. Pleurotus ostreatus Sophisticated and adequately coordinated collaboration colonized the respective area and was superior in total to other between the termites and the fungi allows utilization of genera (Stella et al., 2017). Irpex lacteus seems likely to be an lignocellulose. Termitomyces albuminosus (a symbiotic fungus) alternative to chemicals for dye decolorization. The fungus produces extracellular phenol oxidases. Two genes encoding produced lignin phosphate (LiP) and laccase enzymes on the MnP (tam 1 and tam 2) were studied. They have an essential medium spread with a heavy amount of nitrogen. It not only amino acid for peroxidase activity and manganese (Mn II) grew swiftly but also resisted suppression by soil bacteria - binding sites, indicating MnP encoding. The symbiotic link henceforth proving to be an ideal fungus in mycoremediation between termites and a fungus assists in lignin decomposition (Novotný et al., 2000). Lentinus subnudus, in Nigeria, has been and total bio recycling of plant litter (Ohkuma et al., 2001). studied to remediate crude oil spills (Adenipekum and Fasidi, Catalase and polyphenol oxidase could be used to monitor 2005). the bioremediation process as their concentration decreases in contaminated soil with oil concentration. The soil was E n z ym e s u s e d by WRF in B i o r e m e d iat i o n contaminated with different concentrations of oil (Lin et al., Lignin, being the principal fungal enzyme aiding the 2009). mycoremediation process, is researched extensively by scientists. The fragmented lignin leads to a plentitude of N o n - l i g n i n o ly t i c F u n g a l E n z ym e s degradation products that are absorbed along by hyphae for Besides hydrolytic enzymes, fungi also make use of cyt P450- being additionally metabolized past the intracellular fungal dependent monooxygenases in addition to glutathione mesh. Extracellular enzymes assisting lignin degradation by S-transferases enzyme to handle pollutant degradation. Phanerochaete chrysosporium are lignin peroxidase and glyoxal Sutherland et al. (1995) stated that the metabolism of PAHs oxidase. Glyoxal oxidase apparently helps to activate lignin occurs by oxidation of aromatic ring to obtain arene oxide. peroxidase by oxidizing the metabolites with the reduction Dioxygenase enzymes are also reported. Apart from this, two of oxygen to water. Lignin peroxidase, in turn, oxidizes non- fungal cyt P450 monooxygenases, procured out-of Fusarium phenolic aromatic nuclei in lignin (Kirk et al., 1992). oxysporum, were replicated. Both of them were recognized as wonderful catalysts in the production of ω-hydroxyl fatty acids Ligninolytic Fungal Enzymes (Durairaj et al., 2015). Usefulness of WRF refers to their enzymes. Lignin peroxidase (a glycated heme protein) stimulates oxidation of unsaturated compounds with planar rings that are related to lignin in a M yco r e m e d iat i o n o f P o lyc yc l i c A r o m at i c hydrogen peroxide dependent manner. Therefore, with high H yd r o c a r b o n s (PAH s ) redox potential, a plethora of chemicals and non-phenolic Organic pollutants mostly comprise PAHs, and these are aromatic compounds can be oxidized (Reddy and Matthew, hydrocarbons of a heterogenous group along with multiple 2001). The recalcitrant attribute of the lignin enzyme makes it aromatic rings. It is generated from the partial decomposition of hard to degrade. Conversion of manganese (+2) to manganese organic matter emerging through petroleum spills, incinerators, (+3) state via oxidation by manganese peroxidase depends and incomplete combustion of coal, wood (Kadri et al., 2017). International Journal of Plant and Environment, Volume 6 Issue 4 (2020) 301  Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability Valentin et al. (2007) conducted an experiment that projected with extracellularly (Wu et al., 2010). Pleurotus ostreatus (OST-1) the ability of Bjerkandera fungus species to promote decay of manifested good results in eliminating organochlorines as DDT, harmful compounds as pyrene, dibenzothiophene, phenalene in HCH, Aldrin, Dieldrin (Sadiq et al., 2015). Trichoderma viride had a slurry reactor. Pleurotus ostreatus helps in PAH removal (Eggen been described to remove cyclodienes as aldrin and dieldrin and Majcherzykb, 1998). Coprinus comatus basidiocarp harvested (Kamei et al., 2010). Limitation in their removal is due to their from useless paper that had 47.9 ppm lead contamination - finally hydrophobic nature (Urrea et al., 2010). Two saprophytic strains reported 16.2 ppm lead uptake from the paper pulp (Dulay et of microfungi, Trichoderma hamatum, and Rhizopus arrhizus have al., 2012). DDT tolerance and show better results. They demonstrated high The removal efficiency of petroleum hydrocarbon metabolic activity for the depletion of carbon sources amidst by Pleurotus tuber-regium was 20%, 18.7% and 18.8% at the attendance of an organochlorine (DDT) in soil. Possession contamination rates of 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% respectively. of antioxidant enzymes to level up with the chemical stress- Meanwhile, at the same contamination levels, amid three induced by DDT presence (Russo et al., 2019). months, the removal efficiency increased to be around 40%, 39%, and 38%, respectively (in Pleurotus tuber-regium), and it M yco r e m e d iat i o n by Marine Fungi was the highest. However, the minimum remediation capacity Marine fungi thrive under diverse climatic situations (high was observed in Pleurotus pulmonarius. The heavy metal and pH, salinity) and cope up with a harsh atmosphere that prepares hydrocarbon compound eradication effect of Pleurotus tuber- them to be resilient. They devour dead organic matter and regium was much better than of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus balance the nutrient recycling, thus, supporting fisheries and pulmonarius (Adewole et al., 2017). Pharmaceutical compounds providing nutrients to mangroves simultaneously. Chromium (PhC) persist in water bodies and lead to water toxicity. toleration, along with their removal potential, has been Wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in their removal displayed by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger, seaweed- (Teijon et al., 2010). Demand for fungi-based biological treatment linked fungus species. Their hexavalent chromium resistance for getting rid of PhC has received recognition due to the work has been evaluated, though it increased with increasing Cr (VI) of researchers on this (Gunde-Cimermon et al., 2000). PhC as concentration (Vala et al., 2004). naproxen, codeine, diazepam, metoprolol is also degraded by Marine fungal strains of Dendryphiella salina can absorb WRF, Trametes versicolor (Asif et al., 2017). Purchase et al. (2009) approximately 90% of Hg (II) from liquid media. Mendozoa et al. communicated about Beauveria bassiana isolates from raised (2010) elucidated that Den 32 strains had elevated absorption marshlands collecting municipality influx, stocked up to 0.6% efficiency as compared to Den 35 strains for Hg bioremediation. of zinc and 8.5% of lead. X-Ray spectrophotometric studies Fungi growing in marine habitats, such as Aspergillus species outlined that immobilization combined with precipitation might and Rhizopus species, have been revealed to be arsenic tolerant get utilized via strains of fungi to decipher heavy metal uptake, by accumulating it. They were subjected to 0.025 kg/m3 and accompanying the biosorption process. Ganoderma lucidum is 0.05 kg/m3 of sodium arsenite. Rhizopus is suitable for arsenic effective in PAH remediation. remediation in water as deposition increases with the increasing 16S rRNA phylogeny has been embraced for explaining the concentration of arsenic (Vala and Sutariya, 2012). conformational dynamics of microbes and their genes linked to Corollospora lacera along with Monodictys pelagica the remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Weighing heap up lead, cadmium extracellularly (Taboski et al., 2005). obtained data with 16S rRNA profiles can give details on intricate Mycoremediation of hexavalent chromium (Cr) by marine taxonomic studies to start a relation between them and proteins fungi, Trichoderma viride, in the Mediterranean Sea has been (Sakshi and Haritash, 2020). Lignin degrading enzymes as observed. The transmission electron microscopic method manganese peroxidase and laccases were produced. Ganoderma revealed that chromium did not hinder its mycelial or conidial lucidum degraded 99.55% and 99.58% of phenanthrene and structures (El-Kassas and El-Taher, 2009). In a particular study, pyrene, respectively (Agrawal et al., 2018). Pycnoporus sanguineus it has been established about Aspergillus sydowii in addition strain degrades 68.0% of anthracene at in-vivo conditions to Aspergillus destruens that they facilitate polycyclic aromatic and revealed maximum laccase activity. Piperonyl butoxide hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon elimination in a addition into a liquid culture increased the degradation of halophytic environment. Incorporating benzo[a]pyrene with anthracene to 73.0%. Zhang et al. (2015) also worked to deduce phenanthrene in the form of substrate, they removed these PAHs metabolism by laccases, cyt P450, and laccases present toxins via bioabsorption (González-Abradelo et al., 2019). in mycelium. Aspergillus oryzae has the potential to eliminate monocyclic The pioneering work narrating engagement of Trichoderma aromatic hydrocarbons compounds (Benzene, toluene, hexyl asperellum H15 strains for polycyclic aromatic compounds benzene, and xylene) in waste discharge (El-Kassas and El-Taher, degradation in soil was established. The degradation of 2010). phenanthrene in heavily contaminated soil was noticed to be approximately 79.9% following two weeks (Zafra et al., 2015). Two types of aromatic hydrocarbons, anthracene, and benzathine C o n c lu s i o n and Future Prospective are reported to be mycoremediated by fungal species confined Mycoremediation is a sustainable method for cleaning in polluted coastal saline deposits. GC/MS studies revealed contaminated sites and detoxification of toxic compounds. It is that Fusarium solani strains degrade them to give rise to a necessity to make reforms in the scientific and technical arena ortho-phthalic acid. Unbound laccase has been diagnosed for a better understanding of various phenomenons. But in the 302 International Journal of Plant and Environment, Volume 6 Issue 4 (2020)  Mycoremediation: A Step towards Sustainability long run of chasing such aims, we should not forget that we have Adongbede, Erute. and Okhuoya, J.A. 2011. Bio-absorption of some heavy to refrain from creating new problems for our planet. Engaging metals by Pleurotus tuber-regium Fr. Singer (An edible mushroom) from crude oil polluted soils amended with fertilizers and cellulosic a lot of heavy machines for degradation of hazardous wastes wastes. International Journal of Soil Science 6: 34-48. consumes a lot of power and energy, hence in turn, disrupting Agrawal, N., Verma, P. and Shahi, S.K. 2018. Degradation of polycyclic surrounding environment. Except for being highly expensive, aromatic hydrocarbon (phenanthrene and pyrene) by the ligninolytic they also lead to environmental imbalance. The persistence of fungi Ganoderma lucidum isolated from the hardwood stumps. organic pollutants and heavy metal wastes require strategies Bioresource Bioprocessing 5: 11. directed towards their removal. Akar, T. and Tunali, S. 2006. Biosorption characteristics of Aspergillus flavus biomass for removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions from an aqueous solution. By unravelling metabolomics, metagenomics, and meta- Bioresource Technology 97: 1780-1787. transcriptomics, comparative studies on the behaviour and Akpaja, E.O., Nwogu, N.A. and Odibo, E.A. 2012. Effect of some heavy remediation capabilities of discrete fungal colonies in the metals on the growth and development of Pleurotus tuber-regium. contaminated area, can be attained. It can also examine new Mycosphere 3(1): 57-60. fungal species aiding degradation, their molecular mechanism Anderson, J.P.E. and Lichtenstein, E.P. 1971. Effect of nutritional factors on DDT-degradation by Mucor alternans. Canadian Journal of involved and the methods used to increase the enzyme Microbiology 17(10): 1291-1298. manufacturing process. More studies are needed for analysing Andleeb, S., Atiq, N., Robson, D.G. and Ahmed, S. 2012. An investigation the role played by transporters for subsisting the toxic chemicals. of anthraquinone dye biodegradation by immobilized Aspergillus Focus on the characterization of fungal metabolites, exploring flavus in fluidized bed bioreactor. Environmental Science and Pollution more species involved in the process, examining its chemical Research 19: 1728-1737. structure and toxicity levels would help in concluding which Arısoy, M. 1998. Biodegradation of chlorinated organic compounds by white-rot fungi. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and species can be exploited more for remediation. The role of Toxicology 60: 872-876. fungal mycotoxins in bioremediation requires consideration. Asif, M.B., Hai, F.I., Singh, L., Price, W.E. and Nghiem, L.D. 2017. Degradation This information can help us in genetic engineering of the of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by white-rot Fungi—a strains to improve them for their appropriate use. Their role in critical review. Current Pollution Reports 3: 88-103. plastic degradation also needs to be analyzed extensively so Baldrian, P., Wiesche, C., Gabriel, J., Nerud, F. and Zadrazil, F. 2000. Influence that it may help us in some way to win the battle of enormous of cadmium and mecury on activities of ligninolytic enzymes and degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by Pleurotus solid waste management. Mushroom production needs to be ostreatus in soil. Applied Environmental Microbiology 66(6): 2471-2478. enhanced as their mycelium also assists in biosorption due to Barrech, Duryal., Ali, Imran and Tareen, Malik. 2018. A Review on its large surface area. Mycoremediation—the fungal bioremediation. Pure and Applied Conclusively, much light needs to be shed on the role Biology 7(1): 343-348. of macrofungi in bioremediation that remains a field to be Clemmensen, K.E., Bahr, A., Ovaskainen, O., Dahlberg, A., Ekblad, A., Wallander, H., Stenlid, J., Finlay, R.D., Wardle, D.A. and Lindahl, extensively explored. The popularization of the mycoremediation B.D. 2013. Roots and associated fungi drive long-term carbon methods is the demand of time with the globally rising sequestration in boreal forest. Science 339(6127): 1615-1618. unpredictable environmental issues. Dadachova, E. and Casadevall, A. 2008. Ionizing Radiation: How fungi cope, adapt and exploit with the help of melanin. Current Opinion in Acknowledgement Microbiology 11(6): 525-531. Denizli, A., Cihangir, N., Tüzmen, N. and Alsancak, G. 2005. Removal of We are thankful to Prof. V.N. Pandey, Head, Department of chlorophenols from aquatic systems using the dried and dead fungus Botany, DDU, Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur U.P. 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