Nationalism: Fascism & Nazism PDF

NATIONALISM: FASCISM & NAZISM  NATIONALISM 1. WHAT IS NATIONALISM? ‒ Civic Nationalism ‒ Ethnic Nationalism 2. MANIFESTATIONS 3. TIMELINE 4. IDEOLOGICAL LINKS WHAT IS NATIONALISM? NATIONALISM An “ideology ba...

NATIONALISM: FASCISM & NAZISM  NATIONALISM 1. WHAT IS NATIONALISM? ‒ Civic Nationalism ‒ Ethnic Nationalism 2. MANIFESTATIONS 3. TIMELINE 4. IDEOLOGICAL LINKS WHAT IS NATIONALISM? NATIONALISM An “ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests” Core ideas ‒ Nation and National Identity Identity, culture, beliefs, values… Focus on what is distinct, unique, better, worthy of/in need of protection ‒ Self-Determination “Full statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs” or is “something less” required?  NATIONALISM CIVIC NATIONALISM ‒ Focuses on government character ‒ Freedom, democracy, safety, civility - Canada ‒ Constitution, Bill of Rights, Declaration of Independence - US ‒ “make the world safe for democracy” Woodrow Wilson ‒ “defence of the free world”  NATIONALISM ETHNIC NATIONALISM/ ETHNONATIONALISM ‒ Focuses on culture, language, racialization, religion, customs, history Albanians Kurds Palestinians  MANIFESTATIONS Protectionism vs. perceived threats ‒ Censorship of foreign publications, jamming broadcast signals, limiting internet ‒ Restriction of goods – tariffs, quotas Minority oppression Tyranny of the majority ‒ Suppression, assimilation, expulsion or elimination of groups that don’t conform to the dominant image or values Uighurs in China Rohingya in Myanmar  MANIFESTATIONS Irredentism ‒ Claim to bordering territory as historically belonging to a nation China re: Taiwan Russia re: Crimea & Ukraine Imperialism ‒ A powerful nation imposing control over neighbouring countries Germany re: Eastern Europe between WW1 & WW2 Multinational empire  TIMELINE 1. AFTER THE PEACE OF WESTPHALIA (1648) French Revolution (1789) USA – nationalism became revered – called a civil religion with ‘rituals, membership, commandments…’ (Robert Bellah, 1967) 19th century movements for nationhood/national independence ‒ Czechs, Poles, Serbs, Greeks, Italians… ‒ Germany’s unification (1870) ‒ Canadian confederation (1867)  TIMELINE 2. LATE 1800 TO THE END OF WWI (1918) Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire Emergence of smaller, more homogenous states: Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia Independence of Poland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (for a time) 3. AFTER WWII - DECOLONIZATION TIMELINE Countries demanding independence from imperial control ‒ India under Britain ‒ Congo under Belgium ‒ Vietnam under France The UN was established ‒ Recognized and legitimized nationalism and nation states Nationalist reactions ‒ Zionism ‒ Anti-capitalism/ pro-socialism; ‒ vs US - Cuba, Iran … vs Spain - Venezuela’s Chavez  TIMELINE 4. NATIONAL SELF-DETERMINATION Decline of the USSR ‒ Nationalist independence: Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, East Germany… National self-determination for nations without states ‒ E.g. Palestinians, Kurds, Québécois, First Nations …  IDEOLOGICAL LINKS NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM Revolutions to enhance freedom, rights, independence ‒ Internal: Glorious Revolution, French Revolution ‒ Liberation from imperial powers (American Revolution, Greek liberation from the Ottoman Empire, Poles & Finns from the Russian empire in 19th C) Tension between liberalism’s protection of individual rights and freedoms and the state power of nationalism ‒ Virulent nationalism – associated with Nazism and totalitarianism  IDEOLOGICAL LINKS NATIONALISM AND CONSERVATISM Conservatism values tradition, culture, history and the nation that embodies these.  IDEOLOGICAL LINKS NATIONALISM AND COMMUNISM / SOCIALISM Marx rejected state governments, saw workers as beyond national ties But ‒ So-called communist states meld communism with nationalism ‒ E.g. China, North Korea – virulently nationalistic and xenophobic NATIONALISM AND FACISM IDEOLOGICAL LINKS Advocated for hierarchy/natural inequality & collective deference to superior leaders/races Opposed Enlightenment ideas/reason, liberal democracy, communism Nazism [National Socialism] The most virulent and oppressive form of nationalism Aryan/Teutonic ‘master race’ – culture creating Inferior races = culture destroying  eradication, genocide: The Holocaust NATIONALISM AND FACISM IDEOLOGICAL LINKS Unity and strength symbolized by fasces Mussolini envisioned the template for totalitarianism ‒ “Everything in the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state” Corporate state ‒ Government directed economy ‒ Business and labour work harmoniously in support of state objectives  IDEOLOGICAL LINKS NATIONALISM AND TOTALITARIANISM Common features (Carl Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski in 1956) ‒ Official Ideology focused on remaking society ‒ One-party state ‒ Led by an all-powerful leader – charismatic – ‘cult of personality’ ‒ Pseudo-democratic rule ‒ Control of communications ‒ Terroristic police control – secret police/ the military ‒ Central control and direction of the economy THE RADICAL RIGHT/ NEO-FASCISM IDEOLOGICAL LINKS Racist policies/ parties Promoting “outsiders’” return to their homelands/ deportation White nationalism Neo-fascism Revival of some fascistic elements Anti-immigrant Populist leader ‘Strengthen the nation’ “Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind.” - Albert Einstein