Human Development (2024) PDF

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Sumber : Experience Human Development, 15th ed (2024), Diane E. Papallia & Gabriela Martorell Eight Periods of Human Development  Prenatal Periods  Infancy and toddlerhood  Early childhood  Middle childhood  Adolescence  Emerging & Young A...

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Sumber : Experience Human Development, 15th ed (2024), Diane E. Papallia & Gabriela Martorell Eight Periods of Human Development  Prenatal Periods  Infancy and toddlerhood  Early childhood  Middle childhood  Adolescence  Emerging & Young Adulthood  Middle adulthood  Late adulthood QUIZ……. Quizizz… Perkuliahan…….  Adolescence ??? Developmental transition { between childhood and adulthood entailing major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes  Physical, Cognitive, and Psychosocial Development in Adolescence Chapter 11 & 12  The beginning of adolescent : Puberty Process by which a person attains sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce  Puberty, two basic stages  Adrenarche  Maturing of the adrenal glands  Increasing level of androgens (terutama DHEA)  DHEA influences the growth of pubic, axillary (underarm), and facial hair. Also contributes to faster body growth, oilier skin, and the development of body odor  Gonadarche  Maturing of the sex organs  Girls: ovaries increase estrogen  Boys: testes increase testosterone  Physical Changes of Puberty Both males and females:  Growth spurt  Pubic hair  Muscular growth Adolescent Growth Spurt  A rapid increase in height, weight, muscle, and bone growth that occurs during puberty  Girls and boys grow differently, not only in rates of growth but also in form and shape  Primary Sex Characteristics Organs directly related to reproduction, which enlarge and mature during adolescent  Females Males  Ovaries  Testes  Fallopian tubes  Penis  Uterus  Scrotum  clitoris  Seminal vesicles  Vagina  Prostate gland © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Secondary Sex Characteristics Physiological signs of sexual maturation, do not directly involved the sex organs  Males  Females o Breasts o Broad shoulders o Facial hair o Pelvis changes -changes in voice -Changes in skin texture -growth of pubic, axillary, and body hair  Signs of Sexual Maturity  Spermarche  First ejaculation  Nocturnal emission (wet dream)  Average at age 13  Menarche  First menstruation (first period)  Average at age 12 ½ © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Adolescent Brain Adolescents tend to engage in certain types of behaviors : More interested in and influenced by their peers and social relationship Show an increased tendency for impulsivity and risk- taking (ex drugs use) Have a propensity for reckless behavior (unprotected sex) Find hard to focus on long term goals Able to think in more complex and sophisticated ways Can imagine possible futures and alternative realities The adolescence brain contributes to these teen behaviors  Adolescent Brain  A “work in progress”(gray matter in frontal lobes)  Immaturity of adolescent brain has led to questions of legal responsibility  Risk taking comes from two brain networks o Socioemotional network (i.e., peer influence) → more active o Cognitive control network (responses to stimuli) Issue in Physical and Health Areas © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Physical Activity  Exercise in adolescence is usually much less than in childhood. YOU ? Sleep Needs  Average sleep declines to less than 8 hours at age 16 → homework, tv, sosmed  Actually, adolescents need more sleep than when they were younger. A pattern of late bedtimes and oversleeping in the morning can contribute to insomnia (often begins in adolescence)  Sleep deprivation (kurangtidur) can sap motivation and cause irritability, concentration, and school performance can suffer. Sleepiness also can be deadly…… Body Image and Eating Problems  How one believes one looks → descriptive and evaluative belief about one’s appearance  Concern most intense during adolescence  A concern with body image may lead to obsessive efforts at weight control → Eating problems (anorexia nervosa and bulimia) © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa regularly eats huge food then purges the body “Undo” calories by:  Self-starvation Self-induced vomiting (melaparkan diri) Excessive exercise  Constantly dieting and Laxative (pencahar) believe they are fat Diuretics  May cause irregularity Dieting or fasting of menstruation  Drug Use and Abuse  Substance Abuse  Harmful use of alcohol or other drugs  Abuse can lead to Substance dependence or addiction  Dependence or Addiction  Can be psychological or physiological  Especially dangerous for adolescents because of changing brain structures Depression  Prevalence increases during adolescence (9% of 12–17 yo)  Girls more susceptible than boys  Can manifest as: Sadness, Irritability, Boredom, Inability to experience pleasure, Cognitive Development  Piagetian Cognitive Development: Formal Operations  Usually develops around age 11  A capacity for abstract thought  A more flexible way to manipulate information  Can use symbols to represent another symbols  Can better appreciate the hidden message in metaphor  Can imagine possibilities and hypotheses → Hypothetical deductive reasoning (Problem- solving skills, developing a hypothesis and an experiment to test it, Imagining relationships systematically) IMMATURE ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT THOUGHT  tend to be idealistic and critical of others  can keep many alternatives in mind at the same time yet may lack effective strategies for choosing among them. {  do not recognize the difference between expressing an ideal, such as conserving energy, and making the sacrifices necessary to live up to it, such as driving less often.  imaginary audience : the tendency of adolescents to believe themselves to be the focus of other’s attention  personal fable: the adolescents believe that they are special, their experience is unique, and invulnerability; associated with risk-taking.  Language Development  Both oral and written ability – vocabulary knowledge- continues to improve and become more adultlike  They become conscious of word can have multiple meaning, pleasure in using irony and methaphors  Adolescents can discuss abstractions:  Love  Freedom  Justice  NEXT>>>>>> Psychosocial in Development Adolescence Chapter 12  Erikson’s : Identity versus Identity Confusion  Identity: coherent conception of self  Struggle to become an adult with unique sense of self and role in society (choice of occupation, Adoption of values to live, development of sexual identity)  Successful resolution leads to “fidelity”  Sustained loyalty, faith, or sense of belonging  Feeling of belongingness to friends or family  Identification with a set of values, an ideology, religion, ethnic group  The danger is identity confusion Marcia: Identity Status Crisis and Commitment  Identity achievement Crisis leading to commitment  Foreclosure Commitment without crisis  Moratorium Crisis with no commitment yet  Identity diffusion No commitment, no crisis © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education Issue in Teenagers © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Outcomes of Teenage Pregnancy  Impoverished and poorly educated  Inadequate nutrition, Babies may be premature or have other birth complications  Greater risk for health and academic problems  Abuse and neglect, Developmental disabilities Teenage Parents  Teen mothers at risk for:  Dropping out of school or being poorly educated  Financial hardship  Teenage fathers  Limited financial resources, poor academic performance, and high dropout rates © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Is Adolescent Rebellion a Myth?  Stereotypes of adolescent rebellion:  A time of emotional turmoil  Alienation from adult society  Reckless behavior  Rejection of adult values  Conflict within the family Adolescents and Family Conflict  Individuation—adolescent’s struggle for autonomy and personal identity  Most arguments over day-to-day matters:  Chores  Schoolwork  Dress  Money  Curfew  Dating, friends Adolescents and Siblings  Teens are less close to siblings than to parents or peers  Less influenced by their siblings than when younger  Become more distant from siblings throughout adolescence  Sibling relations tend to reflect parents’ marital relationship and parent-child relations © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Adolescent Friendships  More important than in any other life period  More reciprocal and stable than in childhood Increased intimacy  Adolescents choose friends similar in:  Gender  Race/ethnicity  Academic attitude  Risky or problem behavior © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education  Adolescent Romantic Relationships  Contribute to development of intimacy and identity  Affects quality of relationship with parents and peers  Dating Violence  Physical  Emotional  Sexual