Modernism & National Identity: Chandigarh & Brasília PDF

ARCH 241: History & Theory of Architecture II 11.19.24 Modernism & National Identity: State-Sponsored Architecture in Chandigarh & Brasília Le Corbusier (1887 – 1965) Le Corbusier Villas (1924 - 1929)  Ville Contemporaine (1922) Plan Voisin, Paris, France (1925) Ville Radieuse (193...

ARCH 241: History & Theory of Architecture II 11.19.24 Modernism & National Identity: State-Sponsored Architecture in Chandigarh & Brasília Le Corbusier (1887 – 1965) Le Corbusier Villas (1924 - 1929)  Ville Contemporaine (1922) Plan Voisin, Paris, France (1925) Ville Radieuse (1930) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) “Jaoul is a Catalan vault, white cement tiles, exposed brick walls and a nice system of interior wooden shutters. Now, all at once, we need to breathe life into things. So a few decisions are called for, not eclectic and hasty, but creative, intense and provocative.” Le Corbusier Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Maison Jaoul, Paris, France (1956) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Notre-Dame du Haut, Ronchamp, France (1955) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960) Le Corbusier, Sainte Marie de La Tourette, Rôhne-Alpes, France (1960)  Chandigarh, India CONTEXT The 1947 partition of British India created India and Pakistan, with Punjab divided between the two nations. Lahore, the historical capital of Punjab, became part of Pakistan, leaving Indian Punjab without a capital. NEW CAPITAL Indian Punjab required a new administrative, cultural, and political hub. Chandigarh was envisioned as a symbol of a modern, progressive India, breaking away from colonial and traditional urban models. SYMBOL OF MODERNITY India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, wanted Chandigarh to reflect the nation’s aspirations for progress and independence. The project became an opportunity to collaborate with leading architects, notably Le Corbusier. Chandigarh embodied Nehru’s vision of modernism, rejecting colonial aesthetics in favor of a rational, grid- based plan and modernist principles. Le Corbusier & Prime Minister Nehru Le Corbusier, Master Plan for the New Capital of Punjab, Chandigarh, India Le Corbusier, Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh, India (1952) Le Corbusier, Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh, India (1952) Le Corbusier, Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh, India (1952) Le Corbusier, Tower of Shadows, Chandigarh, India (1952) Le Corbusier, Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India (1953) Le Corbusier, Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India (1953) Le Corbusier, Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India (1953) Le Corbusier, Secretariat Building, Chandigarh, India (1953) Le Corbusier, Palace of Justice (High Court), Chandigarh, India (1959) Le Corbusier, Palace of Justice (High Court), Chandigarh, India (1959) Le Corbusier, Palace of Justice (High Court), Chandigarh, India (1959) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly, Chandigarh, India (1963) Le Corbusier, Governor’s Palace (unbuilt), Chandigarh, India (1953) Le Corbusier, Open Hand Monument, Chandigarh, India (1964) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982) Louis Kahn, National Assembly Building of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (1982)  MEXICO BRAZIL Luis Barragan Juan O’Gorman Lina Bo Bardi Paulo Mendes de Rocha S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA Alvar Aalto Jørn Utzon Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew  MEXICO BRAZIL Luis Barragan Juan O’Gorman Lina Bo Bardi Paulo Mendes de Rocha S C A N D I N AV I A BRITISH WEST AFRICA Alvar Aalto Jørn Utzon Maxwell Fry & Jane Drew  BRAZIL Lina Bo Bardi Paulo Mendes de Rocha Oscar Niemeyer Oscar Niemeyer Born in 1907 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Studied at the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro, graduating in 1934. Inspired by the modernist movement and particularly influenced by Le Corbusier, with whom he later collaborated. Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete, showcasing its potential for creating bold, sculptural forms. Advocated for the beauty of simplicity and the expressive potential of architecture. Forced into exile during Brazil's military dictatorship(1964 – 1985) due to his affiliation with Communism. Oscar Niemeyer Born in 1907 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Studied at the National School of Fine Arts in Rio de Janeiro, graduating in 1934. Inspired by the modernist movement and particularly influenced by Le Corbusier, with whom he later collaborated. Pioneered the use of reinforced concrete, showcasing its potential for creating bold, sculptural forms. Advocated for the beauty of simplicity and the expressive potential of architecture. Forced into exile during Brazil's military dictatorship(1964 – 1985) due to his affiliation with Communism.  Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier, et al Ministry of Education and Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1942)  Lúcio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer, Le Corbusier, et al Ministry of Education and Health, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1942) Oscar Niemeyer, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pampulha, Brazil (1943) Oscar Niemeyer, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pampulha, Brazil (1943) Oscar Niemeyer, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pampulha, Brazil (1943) Oscar Niemeyer, Church of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pampulha, Brazil (1943) Lúcio Costa, Master Plan for Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1957) Oscar Niemeyer, Palace of Dawn (Presidential Residence), Brasília, Brazil (1958) Oscar Niemeyer, Planalto Palace (Presidential Office), Brasília, Brazil (1958) Oscar Niemeyer, Supreme Federal Court, Brasília, Brazil (1958) Oscar Niemeyer, Ministry of Justice, Brasília, Brazil (1962) Oscar Niemeyer, Itamaraty Palace (Palace of the Arches), Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Itamaraty Palace (Palace of the Arches), Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Itamaraty Palace (Palace of the Arches), Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Itamaraty Palace (Palace of the Arches), Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Itamaraty Palace (Palace of the Arches), Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress, Brasília, Brazil (1960) Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Cathedral of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil (1970) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Headquarters of the French Communist Party, Paris, France (1980) Oscar Niemeyer, Brazilian Attorney General’s Office, Brasília, Brazil (2002) Oscar Niemeyer, Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Niterói, Brazil (1996) Oscar Niemeyer, Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Niterói, Brazil (1996) Oscar Niemeyer, Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Niterói, Brazil (1996) Oscar Niemeyer, Niterói Contemporary Art Museum, Niterói, Brazil (1996) Oscar Niemeyer, Novo Museu (Oscar Niemeyer Museum), Curitiba, Brazil (2002) Le Corbusier, Chandigarh Master Plan (1951) Lúcio Costa, Brasília Master Plan (1957) Le Corbusier, Palace of Assembly Oscar Niemeyer, National Congress Chandigarh, India (1963) Brasília, Brazil (1960)