1015 Vocabulary Design Elements PDF

VOCABULARY | SPACE, DESIGN DESIGN ELEMENTS, AND ANALYSES FA 1015 INTRODUCTION TO SPATIAL DESIGN Presentation 01; Week 02 Instructors: Eda Paykoç Özçelik, İpek Ek, Aysu Püskülcü Aydın WHAT IS "SPACE"?  WHAT DOES THE TERM OF "BUILT ENVIRONMENT" REFER...

VOCABULARY | SPACE, DESIGN DESIGN ELEMENTS, AND ANALYSES FA 1015 INTRODUCTION TO SPATIAL DESIGN Presentation 01; Week 02 Instructors: Eda Paykoç Özçelik, İpek Ek, Aysu Püskülcü Aydın WHAT IS "SPACE"?  WHAT DOES THE TERM OF "BUILT ENVIRONMENT" REFER TO? BUILT ENVIRONMENT Human-made surroundings for human activities ranging in scale from buildings and parks or green space to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply, or energy networks. BUILT ENVIRONMENT The built environment is a material, spatial and cultural product of human labor that combines physical elements and energy in forms for living, working and playing. BUILT ENVIRONMENT is an interdisciplinary area which includes: design, construction, management, and use of these human- made surroundings. BUILT ENVIRONMENT The field is generally not regarded as a traditional profession or academic discipline in its own right, instead drawing upon areas such as economics, law, public policy, public health, management, geography, design, technology, and environmental sustainability. COMPONENTS OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT Santiago Calatrava, Saint- SANAA, Zollverein School of Exupéry TGV Train Station, Management, Essen, Germany, 2005-2006 drawing, Lyon, France, 1994 Settlement Space Structure Landscape Product Photography by Robert Art deco Disguincio & Co, Nilsson window, Notting Folio Staircase, 2013 Hill, London DISCIPLINES WHICH DESIGNS BUILT ENVIRONMENT Zaha Hadid, Heydar Aliyev Center, City and Urban Planning Baku, Azerbaijan, 2013 Urban Design Landscape Architecture Architecture Interior Architecture High Line, New York Structural Design Industrial Design Santiago Calatrava, Montjuïc Communications Tower, Barcelona, Spain, 1989-1992 WHAT IS "ARCHITECTURE"? Architecture “1: the art or science of building; specifically the art or practice of designing and building structures and especially habitable ones; 2 a: formation or construction resulting from or as if from a conscious act. b: a unifying or coherent form or structure; 3: architectural product or work; 4: a method or style of building.” - Britannica Architecture “Architecture is the masterly, correct and magnificent play of masses brought together in light.” - Le Corbusier “The only way you can build, the only way you can get the building into being is through the measurable. You must follow the laws of nature and use quantities of brick, methods of construction, and engineering. But in the end, when the building becomes part of living, it evokes unmeasurable qualities, and the spirit of its existence takes over.” - Louis Kahn WHAT IS "INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE"? Interior “Planning and design of man-made spaces, a part of environmental design and closely Architecture related to architecture. The term interior design indicates a broader area of activity and at the same time suggests its status as a serious profession. In some European countries, where the profession is well established, it is known as interior architecture. Individuals who are concerned with the many elements that shape man- made environments have come to refer to the total field as environmental design. - Britannica WHAT IS "DESIGN"? DESIGN producing solutions for the improvement of human life. We design and build our lives from one experience to another. Based on those experiences, components of the built environment emerge from human needs, thoughts, and actions. ARTechnic, Shell, Nagano, Japan, 2008 DESIGN Good design begins with the needs of the user. Katerina Kamprani (architect), The Uncomfortable, 2017 No design, no matter how beautiful and ingenious, is any good, if it does not fulfil a user need. Katerina Kamprani (architect), The Uncomfortable, 2017 DESIGN Sometimes the substances of human actions are grand, and we design and plan quality life experiences for ourselves and others. At other times, human actions are short-sighted, creating uncomfortable situations that are less fit for healthy human activities and negatively impact the environments that surround us and with which we are in constant interaction. DESIGN Design could be viewed as an activity that translates an idea into a blueprint for something useful, whether it is a car, a building, a graphic, a service or a process. The important part is the translation of the idea, though design’s ability to spark the idea in the first place should not be Elise Rijnberg, Piattona cutlery David Laport, Discomforting overlooked. (Amsterdam Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week), 2014 DESIGNER Designers are the professionals who combine the function, technology, production and marketing of an object in order to make it desirable, viable, commercially successful, and add value to people’s lives. DESIGNER Designers, unlike artists, cannot simply follow their creative impulses. They work in a commercial environment which means there is a huge number of considerations that coming to bear on the design Lo Siento Studio, Gnome Bread process. Packaging, 2012 Allen C. G. Zhang, Racer Bike, 2011 DESIGNER Designers have to ask themselves questions such as: Rethink, business card 1. Is the product they are design for Broke Bike Alley creating really wanted? 2. How is it different from everything else on the market? 3. Does it fulfil a need? 4. Will it cost too much to manufacture? 5. Is it safe? Techne Architects, The Banana (Wet Floor Caution Sign) Prahran Hotel, Melbourne, Australia, 2013 DESIGNER Designers should imagine the world from multiple perspectives ▪colleges, ▪clients, ▪users… For this reason, designers need a constant research and observation. DESIGNER Makes research and observations. Intellectually active and open for learning. Ready to meet with different forms and ideas in artistic and cultural production. Understands technological and manufacturing process. Criticizes and becomes open to receive criticisms. A good team member either as a leader or a team player. Represents ideas in different media such as modelling, drawing or prototyping. DESIGNER Integral thinking is an important characteristic of designers. It combines Analytical Thinking, Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking. ASPECTS OF DESIGN Design is human-centered. Designers care hugely about the real people who will use the product, service, building or experience they are developing. This focus on users inspires great ideas and ensures that solutions meet real needs, whether the users are fully aware of them or not. ASPECTS OF DESIGN Design is collaborative. The dual qualities of tangibility and human-centeredness mean that the design process is very good at engaging others. Design processes are increasingly being used as a way to enable groups of designers and non- designers to work together to tackle big issues. ASPECTS OF DESIGN Design is what links creativity and innovation. It shapes ideas to become practical and attractive propositions for users or customers. Design may be described as ‘creativity deployed to Carlo Santambrogio (architect) and Ennio Arosio (designer), Glass House Richard Sun, graduate collection (University of the Creative Arts at a specific end’. (furniture line: Simplicity) (concept house), 2014 Rochester at Graduate Fashion Week), 2012 WHAT IS "CONCEPT"? Concept "An idea or principle." - Cambridge "Something conceived (tasarlamak, anlamak) in the mind: thought, notion." "An abstract or generic idea generalized from particular instances." - Merriam-Webster "An idea or thought, esp. a generalized idea of a thing or class of things; abstract notion." "An original idea, design, etc.; conception." "A central or unifying idea or theme: often used attributively: a concept restaurant with a Victorian decor and menu." - Your Dictionary  CONCEPT Abstract idea The concept is the driving idea of the project and it responds to architecture’s function and brief, as well as any historical or typological precedents. How to develop a design CONCEPT? Site analysis User profiles Function Observations Space/experience of space Technology/material CONCEPT – Jean Nouvel, The National Museum of Qatar, known as "Desert Rose," 2019 site analysis relationship Desert rose is a flower-like gypsum sphere that has been slowly etched by the desert sand in Qatar’s geography. CONCEPT – site analysis relationship Jean Nouvel, Arabic Institute, Paris, mashrabia France, 1987 CONCEPT – function – site analysis relationship Utzon claimed that he was inspired by peeling an orange. The diagram shows how the design from orange peel to ‘shell’ roof evolved. Jørn Utzon, Sydney Opera House, Australia, 1973 CONCEPT – ODOO, Busan opera house function (design proposal), relationship South Korea Opera and multi- Music shell Butterfly fish 58.000 sqm use purpose center skeleton and relation CONCEPT – Eero Saarinen, TWA Airport Terminal, New function York, USA, 1956-1962 relationship CONCEPT – Tadao Ando, Church of the Light, Osaka, Japan, 1989 function relationship CONCEPT – Santiago Calatrava, HSB Turning Torso, Malmö, Sweden, 2005 structure/technology relationship How to represent the CONCEPT? Diagrams Models Sketches CONCEPT model - examples CONCEPT model - examples WHAT IS "ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN"? Architectural "That part of the design of a building produced by an architect, which encompasses technical, structural, Design aesthetic, and financial aspects." - Davies & Jokiniemi "Concept that focuses on the components or elements of a structure or system and unifies them into a coherent and functional whole, according to a particular approach in achieving the objective(s) under the given constraints or limitations." - Business Dictionary Architectural Design - Surface (2D) & void (3D) Frank Lloyd Wright, Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA, 1939 WHAT ARE THE ASPECTS AND SCALES OF "DESIGN"? DESIGN FOR AN ENCLOSURE MACA Estudio, Poreres Medical Center, Mallorca, 2011 DESIGN FOR A SHELTER Shelter: "Something beneath, behind, or within which a person is protected from storms or other adverse conditions." - Ching DESIGN FOR A SHELTER Sou Fujimoto Architects, Timber Shelter Design, Kumamato, Japan, 2005-2006 DESIGN FOR A SHELTER Structural respect Functional respect Pouya Khazaeli Parsa, Emergency Shelter Design, Mazandaran, 2009 DESIGN OF INTERIORS Göske Project, Shop design, Budapest, 2011 DESIGN OF AN URBAN FURNITURE Pierce Brinkley Cease+ Lee, Bus Stop Design Wake Technological Community College, Raleigh, North Carolina, 2007 Young-Hwan Choi, Urban Umbrella, Manhattan, 2009 URBAN DESIGN – LANDSCAPE DESIGN NY City Pedestrianization of High Ways  TO SUM UP, DESIGN IS… Design is persistent trying, then eventually will find the Design is a journey of self-discovery. appropriate resolution. TO SUM UP, DESIGN IS… TO SUM UP, DESIGN IS… TO SUM UP, DESIGN IS… DESIGN ELEMENTS Design elements up to 2-Dimensions: Point - zero dimension Line - one dimension Shape - two dimensions - defined by contour lines Plane/surface - two dimensions - not defined by lines necessarily POINT As a sign: "A small, round spot that is used in numbers to separate whole numbers from parts of numbers." As a place/time concept: "A particular time or stage reached in a process; a particular place." As a character: "The sharp end of something, such as a knife." - Cambridge "A geometric element that has zero dimensions and a location determinable by an ordered set of coordinates." "A distinguishing detail." "The most important essential in a discussion or matter." "An end or object to be achieved: purpose." - Meriam-Webster POINT IN DESIGN POINT IN DESIGN Kazimir Malevich, No. 55, 1916 Joost Schmidt, Poster for the Bauhaus Exhibition in Weimar, 1923 Kazimir Malevich, No. 55, 1916 Joost Schmidt, Poster for the Bauhaus Exhibition in Weimar, 1923 POINT IN DESIGN OF ART Sonia Delaunay, Electric prisms (Prismes Robert Delaunay, The City no. Fernand Léger, Nude Model électriques), 1914 2 (La ville no. 2), 1910–11 in the Studio (Le modèle nu dans l'atelier), 1912–13 POINT IN DESIGN OF ART Sonia Delaunay, Electric prisms (Prismes Robert Delaunay, The City no. Fernand Léger, Nude Model électriques), 1914 2 (La ville no. 2), 1910–11 in the Studio (Le modèle nu dans l'atelier), 1912–13 POINT IN DESIGN OF ART Alexander Rodchenko, Dance. An El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, 1919 Objectless Composition, 1915 POINT IN DESIGN OF ART Alexander Rodchenko, Dance. An El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, 1919 Objectless Composition, 1915  POINT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ARTechnic, Shell, Nagano, Japan, 2008 POINT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Norman Foster, Reichstag Building – Glass Dome, Berlin, Germany, 1983-85 POINT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Le Corbusier, Notre Dame du Haut (Ronchamp Chapel), Ronchamp, France, 1954 POINT IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Renzo Piano, Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center, New Caledonia, 1998 LINE "A long, thin mark on the surface of something." "Group of people or things arranged in a row." "A long, thin and sometimes imaginary mark that forms the edge, border, or limit of something." - Cambridge "A straight or curved geometric element that is generated by a moving point and that has extension only along the path of the point." "A horizontal row of written or printed characters." "A defining outline." "The course or direction of something in motion: route." - Meriam-Webster  ARRIS "On three-dimensional objects, the sharp edge or ridge formed by two surfaces meeting at an angle. Made visible by cast shadow, it is often interpreted as a line." (Ocvirck, 2013) CONTOUR "The line that defines the outermost limits of an object or a drawn or painted shape. It is sometimes considered to be synonymous with outline; as such, it indicates an edge that also may be defined by the extremities of dark, light, texture, or color." (Ocvirck, 2013)  HATCHING "Repeated strokes of an art tool, producing clustered (usually parallel) lines that create values. In cross-hatching, similar lines pass over the hatched lines in a different direction, usually resulting in darker values." (Ocvirck, 2013)  HATCHING Hatching may be used to add the drawing a 3D-quality. Different hatching types (Ocvirck, 2013)  (Ocvirck, 2013) What are the characteristics of a LINE? 1. Measure – "refers to the length and width of line. 2. Type – straight, curved, angular, short, thick, or thin. 3. Direction – the line type can be contradicted or emphasized by its basic direction. 4. Location – it can enhance or diminish the visual weight and our psychological response to the other characteristics of the line. 5. Character – refers to a visual surface quality related to the medium with which the line is created."  (Ocvirck, 2013) What are the characteristics of a LINE? Direction – "the line type can be contradicted or emphasized by its basic Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Proposal for the Brick Country House direction. That is, a line can be a zigzag type but take a generally curved direction. A generally horizontal direction could indicate serenity and perfect stability, whereas a diagonal direction might imply agitation, motion, and instability." Mel Bochner, Vertigo, 1982  (Ocvirck, 2013) What are the characteristics of a LINE? Location – "it can enhance or diminish the visual weight and our psychological response to the other characteristics of the line. A diagonal line high in the picture plane might appear to be soaring (hızla yükselmek), while that same line placed in a low position might appear to be plunging (batırmak, daldırmak)." Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Human Mechanics, 1925  (Ocvirck, 2013) What are the characteristics of a LINE? Character – "refers to a visual surface quality related to the medium with which the line is created. The personality or emotional quality of the line is rooted in Piet Mondrian, Gray Tree, 1911 the nature of the medium chosen. A consistent use of lines of the same character could result in monotony, unless the unity was balanced by varying other Piet Mondrian, physical properties." Composition II in Red, Blue, and Yellow, 1930 SHAPE "An area that stands out from its surroundings because of a defined or implied boundary or because of differences of value, color, or texture.." - Ocvirk, 2013 "The physical form of something made by the line around its outer edge." - Cambridge "The visible makeup characteristic of a particular item or kind of item." "Spatial form or contour." - Meriam-Webster What are the types of a SHAPE? 1. Geometric shapes – "these include circles, ovals, squares, rectangles, triangles, hexagons, pentagons, and other mathematically derived shapes. Curvilinear (made of curved lines), Rectilinear (straight-lined), Combination of both (curvilinear + rectilinear) 2. Biomorphic shapes – made from rounded, curving, and sometimes undulating edges and suggest living organisms or natural forces. 3. Implied shape – created by the psychological connection of the dots or lines. 4. Amorphous shape – blurred, fuzzy, and indistinct shapes; subtle suggestion of shape without definition or certain dimensions—a shape without shape." (Ocvirck, 2013) GEOMETRIC SHAPE Juan Gris (Jose Victoriano Gonzalez), Lyonel Feininger, Gaberndorf II, 1924 Breakfast, 1914 BIOMORPHIC SHAPES Joan Miro, The Painting, 1933 Hayao Miyazaki, Ponyo, 2008 (Ocvirk, 2013) IMPLIED SHAPES "The spectator automatically infers fully drawn shapes from those suggested by the dots and lines." (Ocvirk, 2013) IMPLIED SHAPES Yvonne Jacquette, Lower Manhattan— Brooklyn Bridge View II, 1976 (Ocvirk, 2013) AMORPHOUS AND BIOMORPHIC SHAPES Claude Utley, cover art for Bill Frisell’s album Ghost Town, 1999 (Ocvirk, 2013) DIMENSIONS OF A SHAPE "Shapes may also have either two dimensional or three-dimensional identities. In pictorial artwork, shapes are created on the two- dimensional picture plane; however, artists may create the illusion of mass, volume, and space on their flat working surfaces through the careful juxtaposition and treatment of two-dimensional shapes. Shapes that have width and height but no indication of thickness are referred to as planar shapes, or planes." (Ocvirck, 2013) DIMENSIONS OF A SHAPE Masses and volumes: Arches and Canyonlands National Parks However, in design field, we work with shapes, Planes: Without regarding their 3D illusionistic Albert Gleizes, Femme au gant noir expressions, all shapes have 2D character… (Woman with black gloves), 1920  (Ocvirck, 2013) DIMENSIONS OF A SHAPE The spatial illusions of planar Shapes: (Column A) Curvilinear, rectilinear, and biomorphic planar shapes can appear flat or shallow in depth. (Column B) Overlapping and contrast in size, value, color, or texture can create an impression of deeper depth. (Column C) Shapes can also appear tilted in space with adjustments in length and gradation in value, texture, or color. DIMENSIONS OF A SHAPE Planes and their three-dimensional equivalents PLANE "In mathematics, a flat or level surface that continues in all directions." - Cambridge "A surface in which if any two points are chosen a straight line joining them lies wholly in that surface." "A flat or level surface." "To make smooth or even: level." "Having no elevations or depressions: flat." - Meriam-Webster POINT – LINE - PLANE Parc de la Vilette is composed of the superimposition of three sub-systems: 1. Point: reference buildings (Follies) 2. Line: roads/paths and vertical orienting elements 3. Surface: Gathering/recreation areas Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette - diagram, Paris, France, 1982 POINT – LINE - PLANE 1. Point: they correspond to the reference points in the site; they are for helping visitors recognize their positions in the site (in the coordinate system) as well as spending their time interactively. There are 35 point-structures on the site grid; and they are called Follies by Tschumi. Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Follies diagram, Paris, France, 1982  POINT – LINE - PLANE Diagrammatic representation Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Follies, Paris, France, 1982 POINT – LINE - PLANE 2. Line: they correspond to the ways/paths/roads and vertical orientation elements (walls). They are for helping the visitors follow the traces and walk around dynamically in the park. Mostly they are bridge structures. Lines find their location in the site by taking reference from the points and correlating with them. However, the curvilinear line system wanders freely and does not correlate with any of the super- structure (super-system / Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Line diagram, Paris, coordinate system / grid) like the France, 1982 point system.  POINT – LINE - PLANE Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Lines/Paths, Paris, France, 1982 POINT – LINE - PLANE 3. Surface / Plane: they correspond to the interaction, play, recreation and gathering areas. Mostly they include the green spaces. There are also ‘surfaces’ used as the open-air cinema, in summers. Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Surface diagrams and views, Paris, France, 1982  POINT – LINE - PLANE Bernard Tschumi, Parc de la Vilette – Surfaces/Areas/Planes, Paris, France, 1982  ANALYSIS OF 2D DESIGN/COMPOSITION - EXAMPLES Layout analysis of a 2D composition/design The layout of a 2D composition/design is composed of, A design field, Sub design-fields, Guide lines (in the forms of grid lines, diagonal lines, hierarchically primary lines, ancillary lines, and also called invisible lines, structure lines, organizing lines, imaginary lines…) Lines (contour lines, or implied lines) Shapes (strongly defined or vaguely defined by lines or color/texture differences, and may also be called planes) Layout analysis… may begin with figuring out the guide lines (invisible lines / structure lines) of the composition set by the painter himself/herself, in the design field. Picasso, Buste de Femme In Painting El Lissitzky, Proun 19D, 1922 Guide lines  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines and sub design-field order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Sub-design field  Watch the Guide lines and sub design-fields order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines… In a Painting of an Interior Space Johannes Vermeer, The Music Lesson, 1662-1665 Guide lines Guide lines Guide lines  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Perspective rules can also be read within the guide-lines.  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Perspective rules can also be read within the guide-lines.  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines…  Watch the Guide lines order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines Contour lines  In Architectural Design https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7564/16348190632_e5e8a4ecf8_o_d.jpg Le Corbusier, Villa Stein, Paris, France, 1926  In Architectural Design Le Corbusier, Villa Stein, Paris, France, 1926  Guide lines may be utilized to provide rhythm as a composition principle. Guide lines In Photography André Kertész, Champs Elysées, 1930 Guide lines Watch the order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Photography has also a design field. In a photography having design quality, the rules set by the guide lines apply. Perspective rules can also be read within the guide- lines. In Graphic Design Neville Brody, Just Do It, 1988 Guide lines Watch the order and hierarchy of the guide lines… Guide lines Text has a visual character in graphic design. References: Britannica, Online edition, 2024. Business Dictionary, Online edition, 2024. Burden, Ernest. Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture. London: Elsevier, 2008. Cambridge Dictionary, Online edition, 2024. Ching, Francis. Visual Dictionary of Architecture. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Dictionary of Architecture and Building Construction. New York: McGraw Hill, 2002. Le Corbusier. Towards an Architecture. 1923; Los Angeles: Getty Publications, 2007. Merriam-Webster, Online edition, 2024. Ocvirk, Otto G., et al. Art Fundamentals: Theory and Practice. New York: McGraw- Hill, 2013. Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary. New York: Gramercy Books, 1996. Your Dictionary, Online edition, 2024.