1. WK84622_LCA_Practice_For_Ballot D36.40.pdf

Designation: X XXXX-XX Work Item Number: WK84622...

Designation: X XXXX-XX Work Item Number: WK84622 Date: September 17, 2024 1 Technical Contact: J Hallett 2 3 Include Ballot Rationale Here (Required for all Ballots): 4 For circular products such as rCB, the carbon footprint 5 and other sustainable attributes of the product are 6 important to users of the material. At the current time 7 there is no standardized way of presenting these 8 attributes nor which attributes to include. This practice 9 aims to set out interim ‘Product Category Rules’ (PCR) for 10 rCB to standardize certain aspects of the process of LCA 11 creation in line with the ISO 14040 and ISO14044 12 standards. These PCR are classed as ‘Interim’ as ‘final’ 13 PCR lead to the production of Environmental Product 14 Declarations (EPD) which are currently out of scope of 15 this practice. 16 Although these interim PCR are designed to cover most 17 of the processes utilized by the industry, it cannot cover 18 all options. Guidance on how to include non-standard 19 outputs and/or processes are included to ensure its 20 applicability to the majority of the production methods 21 used in the industry. 22 To comply with ASTM formatting requirements, the full 23 PCR is contained in Annex A to allow the inclusion of all 24 the required sections. 25 1 This document is not an ASTM standard; it is under consideration within an ASTM technical committee but has not received all approvals required to become an ASTM standard. You agree not to reproduce or circulate or quote, in whole or in part, this document outside of ASTM Committee/Society activities, or submit it to any other organization or standards bodies (whether national, international, or other) except with the approval of the Chairman of the Committee having jurisdiction and the written authorization of the President of the Society. If you do not agree with these conditions please immediately destroy all copies of the document. Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. All Rights Reserved.  X XXXX 26 27 Draft Number (if applicable): 28 29 Standard Practice for 30 Preparing Life Cycle Assessments for Recovered Carbon Black 31 Products (Interim Product Category Rules)1 32 This standard is issued under the fixed designation X XXXX; the number immediately following the designation 33 indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses 34 indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or 35 reapproval. 36 37 1. Scope 38 1.1 This practice sets out specific guidelines to conduct life cycle assessments (LCA) for 39 recovered carbon black (rCB) products. 40 1.2 Units - The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of 41 measurement are included in this standard. 42 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated 43 with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and 44 health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 45 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized 46 principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of 47 international Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization 48 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 49 50 2. Referenced Documents 51 2.1 ASTM Standards: 52 D8178 Standard Terminology Relating to Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) 2  X XXXX 53 D3053 Standard Terminology Relating to Carbon Black 54 2.2 ISO Standards 55 ISO14025 Environmental labels and declarations — Type III environmental declarations — 56 Principles and procedures 57 ISO14040 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Principles and 58 framework 59 ISO14044 Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Requirements and 60 guidelines 61 2.3 Other Supporting Documents 62 The Green House Gas Protocol – A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. (World 63 Business Council for Sustainable Development (www.ghgprotocol.org) 64 65 3. Significance and Use 66 3.1 The Annex contained in this practice sets out the interim Product Category Rules that 67 shall be followed to create cradle to gate life cycle assessments for recovered carbon black 68 (rCB). The process to be followed to create the LCA is not covered in this document, please 69 refer to ISO 14040 and ISO 14044 for guidance on the methodology to be followed. 70 3.2 Although the LCA’s produced by this practice may be used in the creation of 71 Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) or Product Environmental Footprints (PEF), 72 creation of these types of documents are not within the scope of this standard. 1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D36 Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D36.40 Environment, Safety and Sustainability. Current edition approved XXX XX, XXXX. Published XXX XXXX. DOI: 10.1520/XXXXX-XX. 3  X XXXX 73 3.3 The generation of LCA’s for co-products produced during the pyrolysis of rubber articles 74 are also not covered, although such processes will overlap. 75 76 4. Keywords 77 Carbon Footprint, Environmental Footprint, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Product Category 78 Rules (PCR), Recovered Carbon Black (rCB) 79 4  X XXXX 80 ANNEX A: INTERIM PRODUCT CATEGORY RULES FOR RECOVERED CARBON 81 BLACK 82 (Mandatory Information) 83 84 A1 GENERAL INFORMATION 85 A1.1 Goal and Scope 86 See Section 3. 87 A1.2 LCA Ownership/Responsibility 88 The producers or group of producers who develop an LCA following these interim PCR maintain 89 sole ownership and have responsibility and liability for their LCA. 90 A2 PERIOD OF VALIDITY 91 These interim PCR are effective for five (5) years from the latest date of publication. If after 92 five years, relevant changes in the product category or other relevant factors have occurred 93 (for example, LCA methodology), the document shall be revised. If no changes are necessary, 94 these interim PCR shall be updated with a new date. Revisions may also be made to these 95 interim PCR during the period of validity; however such changes do not have to be reflected 96 in existing LCAs during their validity period unless the LCA owners choose to do so. 97 An LCA created under these interim PCR shall be valid for a five (5) year period from the 98 date of issue. After five years, the LCA shall be reviewed. If relevant changes in the product 99 category or other relevant factors have occurred that could alter the content and accuracy of 100 the declaration (for example, changes in technology or LCA methodology), the LCA shall be 101 revised and verified. If no changes are necessary, the LCA shall be updated with a new date. 5  X XXXX 102 The process for verification and establishing the validity of an LCA shall be in accordance 103 with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. 104 A3 DEFINITIONS 105 Allocation Rules – Rules to determine how the environmental impact of a process is 106 allocated to different co-products. 107 DISCUSSION – The pyrolysis process does not only create rCB, but also tire pyrolysis oil 108 (TPO) and syngas. The steel elements of the tire or other feedstock are also recovered. Each 109 co-product will have an associated environmental impact. Allocation rules set the framework 110 which splits the process environmental impact to these co-products. Typical allocation 111 methods include economic (based on the economic value of each co-product), physical (based 112 on the physical inputs and outputs) and mass (based on the relative mass of the co-products). 113 Biogenic carbon - Biogenic carbon is the carbon stored in biological materials, such as 114 plants. 115 DISCUSSION – Tires are constructed from a wide range of materials. These include biogenic 116 materials such as natural rubber, as well as synthetic materials such as curatives and synthetic 117 rubber. Although the majority of this biogenic carbon will be contained in the oil produced 118 during pyrolysis, some of the gas produced will also contain biogenic carbon. As this gas is 119 often combusted on site, some of the CO2 produced during the production of rCB will contain 120 biogenic carbon. 121 Co-Product - Any of two or more product outputs directly generated or being produced 122 from the same unit process or product system. 6  X XXXX 123 DISCUSSION – The primary products from the pyrolysis of rubber goods is raw rCB and oil. 124 However, the feedstock may also contain other materials (e.g. steel) which may also be 125 considered as co-products depending on the producers process. 126 Core Processes - Processes undertaken to produce rCB 127 DISCUSSION – The core processes used will depend on the producer. Typical core rCB 128 production processes include pyrolysis, milling and beading. 129 Cradle, n – The initial system boundary, the point at which the end-of-life rubber goods 130 enter the system under LCA study. 131 DISCUSSION – See upstream processes. 132 Declared unit - The quantity of the product used as a reference measure for evaluating 133 potential LCA environmental impacts of the product. 134 DISCUSSION – The declared unit of an LCA refers to the quantity of the product whose 135 impact is calculated by the LCA irrespective of the function. Declared units for LCA could 136 refer to units, quantities of mass, energy or volume. 137 Downstream activities – Activities that occur after the final product leaves the factory 138 gate. 139 DISCUSSION – Downstream processes include transport to the customer and the end of life 140 of the product and the associated packaging. The processing of sold product as well as the in- 141 use and end of life phase of any products are also considered as downstream processes. 142 Environmental Burden – The environmental impacts from a system, including 143 environmental pollution, environmental risk or the use of natural assets. 7  X XXXX 144 DISCUSSION – Any system or activity will have potential impacts on the environment such 145 as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), eutrophication, acidification etc. 146 Environmental Footprint – A multi-criteria measure to calculate the environmental 147 performance of a product, system or service based on a life cycle approach. 148 DISCUSSION – Environmental Footprints (EF) build on existing approaches and 149 international standards (such as ISO 14040 series and the European ILCD guidelines). The 150 overarching purpose of Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) and Organizational 151 Environmental Footprint (OEF) is to provide information that enables the reduction of 152 environmental impacts of goods, services, and organizations considering all the value chain 153 activities (from extraction of raw materials, through production and use to final waste 154 management). The technical details of the PEF methods are laid down in Annex II of 155 recommendation 2013/179/EU and are the EU’s preferred method to convey product 156 environmental impacts. This standard may form part of the process to create a PEF, but PEF 157 creation is beyond the scope of the standard as written. 158 Environmental Product Declarations –Documents that disclose the environmental 159 performance of the product using pre-determined parameters. 160 DISCUSSION – Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) are third party verified 161 documents following ISO 14025. The product LCA is a pre-requisite of EPD. This practice 162 may form part of the process to create an EPD, however, EPD creation is beyond the scope of 163 the practice as written. 164 Feedstock, n – Primary raw materials or substances used in a manufacturing process to 165 generate product. 8  X XXXX 166 DISCUSSION – The feedstock used to produce raw rCB can vary, but often includes tires, 167 conveyor belts and other rubber articles. Typically, the feedstock contains products that have 168 reached end of life status but may also include other production scrap. 169 Functional Unit – The quantified performance of a product system for use as a refence 170 unit. 171 DISCUSSION – The functional unit of an LCA refers to the product, service or system whose 172 impact is calculated by performing LCA. Functional units allow the comparison of different 173 products or solutions as long as they fulfil the same function, reference flow and system 174 boundary. 175 Gate – The final system boundary at which the rCB leaves the producers production 176 facility. 177 DISCUSSION – See downstream processes. Also see system boundary. 178 Grave – Point at which the product or component is taken out of its intended use. 179 DISCUSSION –See ‘End of Life’ in ASTM D3053. 180 Life Cycle Assessment - Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the 181 potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. 182 DISCUSSION – A Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic method to calculate the 183 potential environmental impact from a product or a service. LCA provides a holistic 184 understanding of the environmental benefits and burdens associated with different stages of 185 the product’s (or services’) life cycle. 186 Primary Data – Directly measured or collected data representative of activities at the 187 operations or manufacturing facility. 9  X XXXX 188 DISCUSSION – Primary data includes data gathered from the manufacturing plant where 189 product specific tasks are conducted. Data from other parts of the system under study are also 190 included. This could include electricity or gas consumption or transportation where the fuel 191 economy/emissions are known. 192 Product Category Rules - A set of rules, requirements, and guidelines for developing 193 Environmental Product Declarations (EPD). 194 DISCUSSION – Product category rules (PCR) create a standard framework to generate EPD. 195 They are an integral part of the EPD development and shape the underlying LCA and relevant 196 assumptions. 197 Raw Recovered Carbon Black (rCB), n - solid material resulting from thermal 198 decomposition of rubber goods which contain carbon black; exhibiting poor dispersion so 199 requiring milling to become Recovered Carbon Black (rCB). 200 Recovered Carbon Black (rCB), n -solid product recovered via thermal decomposition 201 from rubber goods which contain carbon black, which is free of wire and fabric, and when 202 milled typically gives semi-reinforcing properties in rubber. 203 DISCUSSION – See Terminology Standard D8178 204 Scope 1 - Emissions from sources that an organization owns or controls directly. 205 DISCUSSION – Companies report emissions from sources they own or control as Scope 1. 206 Direct emissions are primarily due to the following types of activities: Physical or Chemical 207 processing; Transportation of products and feedstocks, onsite Electricity generation; waste 208 and employees; Fugitive emissions. See GHG protocol guidance for further information. 10  X XXXX 209 Scope 2 - Emissions that a company causes indirectly and come from where the energy it 210 purchases and uses is produced. 211 DISCUSSION – Purchased electricity is defined as electricity that is purchased or otherwise 212 brought into the organizational boundary of the company. Scope 2 emissions physically occur 213 at the facility where electricity is generated. See GHG protocol guidance for further 214 information. 215 Scope 3 - Emissions that are not produced by the company itself and are not the result of 216 activities from assets owned or controlled by them, but by those that they are indirectly 217 responsible for up and down its value chain. 218 DISCUSSION – Scope 3 emissions are an optional reporting category that includes emissions 219 that are a consequence of a company’s activities but are not controlled or owned by the 220 company. Examples include the collection of tires before shredding, transportation of 221 purchased materials and shipping of the finished product(s). See GHG protocol guidance for 222 further information. 223 Secondary Data – Data that is not directly collected, measured, or estimated, usually sourced 224 from a third-party or from a life-cycle-inventory database (LCI database). 225 DISCUSSION – External databases such as CarbonMinds, Ecoinvent, Sphera, USLCI, etc. give 226 access to average environmental data. These databases provide data when primary data is not 227 available for that part of the process. 228 System Boundary – Set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of the studied 229 product system. 11  X XXXX 230 DISCUSSION – System boundaries set the limits of the upstream and downstream processes to 231 be included in the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). 232 System Expansion – System Expansion is a method that considers other co-products or 233 functions beyond the primary product/function of the system. It is an alternative method to 234 allocation where there are multi-functionality or multi-outputs from the studied system. 235 DISCUSSION – For rCB, a typical system expansion methodology would include the 236 environmental impact of the relevant processing of the scrap steel and TPO produced by the 237 process as co-products. 238 Upstream Process – Processes that occur prior to arriving at the manufacturer’s facility. 239 DISCUSSION – Upstream processes typically include extraction and production of purchased 240 goods such as feedstock, materials, fuels and their inbound transportation. 241 A4 INFORMED COMPARISON 242 Not required in these interim PCR. 243 A5 COMPANY/ORGANIZATION, PRODUCT, AND PRODUCT CATEGORY 244 A5.1 Description of Company/Organization 245 The name of the company/organization as well as the place(s) of production shall be provided in 246 the LCA. The LCA may also include general information about the company/organization. 247 Information on quality systems, an environmental management system according to ISO 14001, 248 or any other environmental management systems in place shall be listed as additional 249 environmental information (see Section A9). 250 A5.2 Definition of Product Category 251 These interim PCR only addresses recovered Carbon Black as defined in ASTM D8178 12  X XXXX 252 A5.3 Description of Product 253 The LCA shall provide a narrative description of the product that will enable the user to clearly 254 and unambiguously identify the product. This description shall include, where relevant: 255 Product identification by brand name and grade(s) 256 Flow diagram illustrating main unit processes by life-cycle stages according to the scope of 257 the LCA 258 Any other information that will assist in identifying the product. 259 A6 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE UNDERLYING LCA 260 The underlying LCA shall be conducted in accordance with ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. 261 A6.1 Declared Unit 262 The declared unit of this LCA is : 263 Production of 1 metric tonne (1000 kg) of rCB at the plant gate. 264 The weight of the packaging shall be included in the declared unit consideration. 265 A6.2 System Boundaries 266 LCAs that are conducted based on this standard shall use ‘cradle to gate’ as the system 267 boundary. Guidance on items included within the boundary is included in section A7 and in 268 Figure 1 below. 13  X XXXX 269 270 271 Out of scope activities are indicated in the white boxes 272 * If used in producer’s process 273 # Outputs allocated using mass allocation rules. 274 Figure 1: LCA System Boundaries and Allocation Rules 275 276 Accounting for additional stages, such as feedstock collection and downstream uses are not 277 expected to be included in the inventory as recommended in this standard, owing to the wide 278 range of feedstock collection methods and product uses for rCB. This applies even if 279 feedstock collection/aggregation is part of the rCB producer’s core business. 280 The environmental burden of the feedstock used shall not be accounted for in the LCA 281 calculations (feedstock is supplied burden free). The impacts from the in-use phase of the 14  X XXXX 282 feedstock are recognized in the previous product systems and the majority of feedstocks 283 utilized are at their end-of-life stage. 284 Should an rCB producer wish to include additional scope 3 carbon footprints, such impacts 285 should be clearly identified in the final LCA (see Section A11, reporting). 286 A7 LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS 287 A7.1 Process Diagram DOWNSTREAM End of life rubber articles → UPSTREAM PROCESSES → CORE PROCESSES → PROCESSES Sorting and Shredding cleaning of No downstream operations supplied feedstock processes are Transportation to (if applicable) included within the pyrolysis unit Pyrolysis defined system location (production raw boundary For producers only rCB) converting raw Milling process rCB: Post processing o Pyrolysis such as ash (production of reduction (if raw rCB) applicable) For producers supplying beaded products: o Beading and drying 288 289 Figure 2: rCB Production Process Diagram 290 291 A7.2 Data Collection and description of data 292 The primary data shall be representative according to temporal, geographical, and 293 technological requirements. 294 Temporal: The LCA is expected to be completed using the latest available primary data. LCA 295 ISO compliant databases and other trusted literature may be used for secondary data, but such 296 data should be as current as possible, and ideally from the same time period as the primary 297 data. Conservative estimates should be applied. 15  X XXXX 298 Geographical: The geographic region of the relevant life-cycle stages included in the 299 calculation of representative data shall be documented. 300 Technological: Data shall represent specific technology or technology mix in use. 301 A7.2.1 Pyrolysis Process 302 The pyrolysis process used to convert the feedstock into raw rCB can either be an upstream 303 or core process depending on the rCB producer’s operation. For companies only converting 304 raw rCB into rCB (milling), the emissions allocated to the raw rCB by the pyrolysis company 305 shall be included in the upstream emissions. For companies with integrated pyrolysis and 306 milling operations, the pyrolysis step falls within core processes. 307 Should the feedstock be cleaned, shredded or otherwise processed before pyrolysis, the 308 emissions of such processes shall be included. 309 Emissions from the pyrolysis step shall be allocated as per allocation rules. 310 A7.2.2 Upstream Processes 311 The cradle of the process is considered to be the point at which the feedstock is aggregated, 312 for example a tire collection organization. The environmental impact of collection from the 313 end user/producer to the aggregation location is not expected to be considered but can 314 optionally be reported separately (see Section A11). 315 Inbound transportation and energy usage of all upstream processes is to be considered, along 316 with any emissions to air, soil and water. 317 The emissions of any shredding operation shall be included. 318 If the producer purchases raw rCB, the emissions allocated to the raw rCB shall be included 319 in the upstream processes. 16  X XXXX 320 The environmental impact of all upstream processes shall be allocated based on products’ 321 mass allocated fraction (see allocation rules, A7.6. and Figure 1). 322 A7.2.3 Core Processes 323 Where the producer also pyrolyzes on site, the emissions allocated to the raw rCB shall also 324 be included (see A7.2.1). 325 Core processes for all producers shall include the milling process, as well as beading and 326 drying for beaded products. 327 Producers post processing either the raw rCB or rCB post mill to remove ash or otherwise 328 adjust the chemistry of the rCB shall include all environmental impacts from such processes 329 to the final rCB product. 330 Specific data for any processes directly related to the production of rCB at the producer’s 331 facility shall also be considered. 332 For the electricity used in the process, the environmental impact of the regional energy 333 source(s) used in the process shall be used where available. 334 A7.2.4 Downstream Processes 335 Downstream processes such as shipment to the final customer and disposal of transportation 336 materials shall be excluded from the LCA’s produced using these interim PCR. 337 A7.2.5 Waste and Air Emissions Treatment 338 Waste treatment or air emission control processes should be based on primary data where 339 possible. The environmental impact of such processes shall be allocated based on products’ 340 mass allocated fraction (see allocation rules, A7.6). 341 A7.2.6 Energy Co-Generation 17  X XXXX 342 Should a process utilize energy produced by the process such as gas, steam or electricity, the 343 environmental burden of this activity shall be allocated based on products’ mass allocated 344 fraction (see allocation rules, A7.6). In the case of excess energy being produced that is 345 subsequently sold externally, an avoided burden approach can be used to calculate the total 346 environmental burden of the system (see A11). 347 A7.3 Cut-off rules 348 Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs (cut-off rules) in the LCA and information 349 modules and any additional information are intended to support an efficient calculation 350 procedure. They shall not be applied in order to hide data. All inputs and outputs of a unit 351 process for which data are reasonably available shall be included in the calculation. Any 352 application of the criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs shall be documented. Data 353 gaps may be filled by conservative assumptions with average or proxy data. Any assumptions 354 for such choices shall be documented. 355 If data are not reasonably available, the cut-off criteria for flows to be considered within the 356 system boundary shall be as follows. 357 Mass: If a flow is less than 1% of the cumulative mass of the system model, it may be 358 excluded, provided its environmental relevance is minor. 359 Energy: If a flow is less than 1% of the cumulative energy of the system model, it may be 360 excluded, provided its environmental relevance is minor. 361 Environmental relevance: Material and energy flows known to have the potential to cause 362 environmentally relevant emissions into air, water, or soil related to the environmental 363 indicators of these interim PCR shall be included unless justification for exclusion is 364 documented. 18  X XXXX 365 At least 95% of the energy usage and mass flow shall be included and the life-cycle impact 366 data shall contain at least 95% of all elementary flows that contribute to each of the declared 367 category indicators. 368 All hazardous and toxic materials and substances shall be included in the inventory and the 369 cutoff rules shall not apply to such substances. 370 A7.4 Secondary Data Quality Requirements 371 Any secondary data source used in the underlying life-cycle inventory analysis shall be as 372 complete and representative as possible for the applicable region(s) of production in terms of 373 its geographic and technological coverage and of a recent reference year. Any deviations 374 from these requirements for secondary data shall be documented, and the following apply: 375 The information obtained from the manufacturing process shall be annual average values 376 from the previous calendar year. 377 Average background data shall be from the same time period as the primary data, and not 378 be older than ten years for industry average data or five years for producer specific data, 379 unless justification is provided. 380 When the LCA owner is not the owner of all upstream processes, the LCA owner shall 381 request primary data from its direct suppliers within the system boundary. If the suppliers 382 do not supply data, the LCA owner shall use the best-available data based on data quality 383 requirements of this interim PCR. 384 Data shall be identified as direct (for example, measurements or purchasing records), 385 indirect (based on calculations), estimated, or calculated. 386 A7.5 Units 19  X XXXX 387 See paragraph 1.2 388 A7.6 Allocation Rules 389 A7.6.1 Allocation Method 390 Manufacturing rCB is a multi-output process. As for the majority of rCB production 391 processes it is not possible to sub-divide or separate the manufacturing process, an allocation 392 method is required. Owing to the differing nature of the typical co-products (Steel, TPO and 393 rCB), mass allocation shall be used for LCA’s generated using these interim PCR. 394 During the production of the raw rCB, environmental impacts of processes up to and 395 including pyrolysis shall be allocated based on the mass fraction of the co-products (mass 396 based allocation). 397 Environmental impacts from subsequent operations that apply exclusively to one product 398 shall be 100% allocated to that specific product, e.g. milling and beading the raw rCB to 399 produce rCB or refining the TPO. Impacts of processes that are shared across all co-products, 400 such as emissions treatment measures, shall be allocated based on the mass fraction of the 401 material from the pyrolysis reactor (mass based allocation). See Figure 1 for guidance on 402 how typical processes in rCB production should be allocated. 403 For additional information, see ISO 14044 Section 4.3.4. 404 A7.6.2 Rationale for Allocation Method. 405 Economic allocation has been determined to be unsuitable as the economic value of one 406 primary product, rCB, is expected to be similar (one co-product is less than five times the 407 price of the other) to the other primary product, TPO. The economic value is also known to 20  X XXXX 408 vary drastically with the market conditions & product quality, further making economic 409 allocation unsuitable. 410 Energy allocation has also been determined to be unsuitable owing to steel (a potential co- 411 product) not having any calorific value. 412 A8 LIFECYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 413 The primary Lifecycle Impact calculated from the Lifecycle Inventory (LCI, section A7) shall be 414 Global Warming Potential equivalents (GWP). It is recommended to follow the IPCC AR6 415 methodology for this category for a 100yr time horizon (IPCC AR6 GWP 100). However, since 416 the European methodology follows the EF methodology, additionally, the EF 3.1 (the latest 417 version available) climate change category can also be included. 418 Other environmental impacts such as Water Usage, Eutrophication Potential, etc. can be reported 419 if data is available to calculate these impacts. 420 A9 ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION 421 A9.1 Biogenic Content 422 If required, the biogenic content can be calculated and reported separately. 423 A9.2 Certifications 424 If available, environmental certifications such as ISO14001 should be reported. 425 A9.3 Other 426 The environmental impact of upstream and downstream processes not usually included within 427 the scope of these interim PCR may also be included if required. 428 A10 LCA SUPPORTING DATA 429 Not required in these interim PCR. 21  X XXXX 430 A11 CONTENT OF THE LCA 431 The primary LCA results shall be GWP impacts. It is recommended to follow the IPCC AR6 432 methodology for this category for a 100yr time horizon (IPCC AR6 GWP 100). However, since 433 the European methodology follows the EF methodology, additionally, the EF 3.1 (the latest 434 version available) climate change categories can also be included. 435 The results of the LCA can be presented in infographic format showing the environmental 436 footprint of the upstream and core processes, or in a more detailed report format. The results 437 shall be reported based on the declared unit: per tonne of rCB (e.g. tonnes of CO2eq per tonne of 438 rCB). 439 In addition to the mass allocation method outlined in this document, system expansion may be 440 included in the LCA documentation. Should system expansion data be added as an additional set 441 of results, segregation between the product and system expansion shall be clearly identified. A 442 sensitivity analysis may also be performed. 443 Should additional information be included (Section A9), this information shall be segregated 444 from the main LCA produced by this practice. 445 Within the documentation, the database or other sources of primary and secondary data and 446 information used in the calculation, should be listed. 447 A12 REFERENCES 448 See Section 2. 22