1-MED101_Introduction_to_Organic_Chemistry.pptx

In this Chapter; You will learn What is Organic Chemistry? Life and the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Atomic Structure Isotopes Valence Electrons  What is Organic...

In this Chapter; You will learn What is Organic Chemistry? Life and the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Atomic Structure Isotopes Valence Electrons  What is Organic Chemistry? Organic chemistry plays a role in all aspects of our lives, ✔ from the clothing we wear, ✔ to the pixels of our television and computer screens, ✔ to preservatives in food, ✔ to the inks that color the pages of this book. Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  What is Organic Chemistry? Indeed, organic chemistry provides ❖ the power to synthesize new drugs, ❖ to engineer molecules that can make computer processors run more quickly, ❖ to understand why grilled meat can cause cancer and how its effects can be combated, and to design ways ❖ to knock the calories out of sugar while still making food taste deliciously sweet. It can explain biochemical processes like aging, neural functioning, and cardiac arrest, and show how we can prolong and improve life. Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  1.Life and the Chemistry of Carbon Compounds Organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds that contain the element carbon. If a compound does not contain the element carbon, it is said to be inorganic Why C is important? There are several reasons, the primary one being this: carbon compounds are central to the structure of living organisms and therefore to the existence of life on Earth. We exist because of carbon compounds Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  What is it about carbon that makes it the element that nature has chosen for living organisms? There are two important reasons: 1. CARBON atoms can form strong bonds to other carbon atoms to form rings and chains of carbon atoms, And 2. CARBON atoms can also form strong bonds to elements such as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Because of these bond-forming properties, carbon can be the basis for the huge diversity of compounds necessary for the emergence of living organisms Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  1.2 Atomic Structure The compounds we encounter in chemistry are made up of elements combined in different proportions. Elements are made up of atoms. An atom consists of a dense, positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons and a surrounding cloud of electrons. Structure of Atom Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  1.2B Valence Electrons The most important shell, called the valence shell, is the outermost shell because the electrons of this shell are the ones that an atom uses in making chemical bonds with other atoms to form compounds. How do we know how many electrons an atom has in its valence shell? We look at the periodic table. The number of electrons in the valence shell (called valence electrons) is equal to the group number of the atom. For example, carbon is in group IVA and carbon has four valence electrons; oxygen is in group VIA and oxygen has six valence electrons. The halogens of group VIIA all have seven electrons. Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  Exercise How many valence electrons does each of the following atoms have? a) Na b) Cl c) Si d) B e) Ne f) N Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I  Everywhere on Earth, organisms make organic molecules comprised almost exclusively of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen. Sometimes a few slightly more exotic atoms, such as halogens and sulfur, are present. Globally, these compounds aid in day-to-day functioning of these organisms and/or their survival against predators. Organic molecules include many different compounds with diverse properties. For example, chlorophyll in green plants harnesses the energy of sunlight while vitamin C in citrus trees protects them against oxidative stress. Other molecules include capsaicin, a compound synthesized by pepper plants that wards off insects and birds that might try to eat them and is responsible for the “hotness” that we taste when we bite into a pepper. They also include salicylic acid, a signaling hormone made by willow trees, and lovastatin, a material found in oyster mushrooms that protects the mushroom against bacterial attacks. MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected]  Analgesic. It can modulate pain when applied to the skin and is currently sold under the tradename Capzacin a painkiller as well as an anti-acne medication a drug to decrease levels of cholesterol in human blood Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I Altınbas University Lecturer: Asst. Prof. Behiye ÖZTÜRK ŞEN [email protected] MED101 MOLECULLAR AND CELLULAR MEDICAL SCIENCES I