(1) Lecture - Introduction to General Physiology.pdf

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS & TISSUES  LEARNING OUTCOMES Course Learning Outcome 1. Identify and describe the various types of tissues in the human body and their respective functions. ▪ Learning Outcome 1.1. Classify the different types of cells & tissues...

INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS & TISSUES  LEARNING OUTCOMES Course Learning Outcome 1. Identify and describe the various types of tissues in the human body and their respective functions. ▪ Learning Outcome 1.1. Classify the different types of cells & tissues. ▪ Learning Outcome 1.2. Describe the function of each cell & tissue type. ▪ Learning Outcome 1.3. Explain the role of cells & tissues in the overall function of organs and organ systems.  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication.  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication.  EPITHELIAL CELL & TISSUE Shape of Number of Mechanism of Cells Layers Secretion Squamous One Two or More Holocrine Cuboidal Simple Stratified Merocrine Columnar Pseudostratified Transitional Apocrine  SHAPES OF CELLS SQUAMOUS CUBOIDAL COLUMNAR It is the flat shape cells of the epithelium It is the cube-like shape cells of the It is the rectangular-like shape cells of the with slightly horizontally-flattened nucleus. epithelium with central circular nucleus. epithelium with slightly vertically-flattened nucleus It is permeable and occurs where small It provides protection and may be active or molecules need to pass quickly through passive in moving cellular materials, It can be ciliated or non-cilated, which membranes via filtration or diffusion. depending on the location and cellular provides protection, absorption, and specialization. secretion  EPITHELIAL CELL & TISSUE Shape of Number of Mechanism of Cells Layers Secretion Squamous One Two or More Holocrine Cuboidal Simple Stratified Merocrine Columnar Pseudostratified Transitional Apocrine  NUMBER OF LAYERS SINGLE MULTIPLE Simple Pseudostratified Stratified Transitional It is an epithelial tissue made It is an epithelial tissue made It is an epithelial tissue made It is an epithelial tissue made up of only one layer of up of only one layer of up of more than one layer of up of more than one layer of epithelial cells. epithelial cells with an cells. cells with varying cell shape appearance of being stratified depending on the function of due to the positioning of the the organ. cells.  EPITHELIAL CELL & TISSUE Shape of Number of Mechanism of Cells Layers Secretion Squamous One Two or More Holocrine Cuboidal Simple Stratified Merocrine Columnar Pseudostratified Transitional Apocrine  MECHANISM OF SECRETION HOLOCRINE APOCRINE MEROCRINE The whole part of the cell detaches during The top part of the cell detaches during No part of the cell detaches during secretion. secretion. secretion.  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication.  CONNECTIVE CELL & TISSUE Embryonic Mature Mesenchyme Loose Dense Mucoid Areolar Regular Adipose Irregular Reticular Elastic  CONFIGURATION OF EMBRYONIC FIBERS MESENCHYME MUCOID A loosely organized, undifferentiated embryonic connective A soft, gelatinous connective tissue characterized by a high tissue composed stellate cells in a gel-like extracellular matrix. concentration of hyaluronic acid and scattered fibroblast-like cells. Serves as the precursor to all other connective tissues, including bone, cartilage, and blood. Provides structural support, cushioning, and protection, particularly during fetal development. Present throughout the early embryo, particularly in the developing limbs and organs. Primarily found in the umbilical cord as Wharton's jelly, as well as in the vitreous body of the eye.  CONNECTIVE CELL & TISSUE Embryonic Mature Mesenchyme Loose Dense Mucoid Areolar Regular Adipose Irregular Reticular Elastic  CONFIGURATION OF LOOSE MATURE FIBERS AREOLAR ADIPOSE RETICULAR A widely distributed loose connective A specialized loose connective tissue A loose connective tissue consisting of a tissue with a gel-like extracellular matrix predominantly composed of adipocytes network of reticular fibers made of type III containing fibroblasts, collagen fibers, (fat cells), with minimal extracellular collagen, interwoven with reticular cells (a elastic fibers, and a few immune cells. matrix. type of fibroblast). Provides support, elasticity, and a reservoir Stores energy, insulates against heat loss, Provides a supportive framework for soft of water and salts. and cushions organs. organs. Found beneath the skin, around blood Found under the skin, around kidneys, Found in lymphoid organs like the spleen, vessels, nerves, and between muscles. heart, and abdominal cavity, as well as lymph nodes, and bone marrow. bone marrow. COLLAGEN FIBER RETICULAR FIBER ELASTIN FIBER WHITE BLOOD CELL FIBROBLAST FIBROBLAST NUCLEUS OF ADIPOSE CELL VACUOLE CONTAINING FAT DROPLET FIBROBLAST  CONNECTIVE CELL & TISSUE Embryonic Mature Mesenchyme Loose Dense Mucoid Areolar Regular Adipose Irregular Reticular Elastic  CONFIGURATION OF DENSE MATURE FIBERS REGULAR IRREGULAR ELASTIC Dense connective tissue characterized by Dense connective tissue with thick collagen Dense connective tissue rich in elastic tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers with fibers arranged in an irregular, woven fibers, arranged in parallel or branching few cells, mostly fibroblasts. pattern, with fewer fibroblasts dispersed patterns, allowing for flexibility and stretch. throughout. Provides strong, linear tensile strength, Provides elasticity, allowing tissues to enabling resistance to pulling forces in a Provides strength and resistance to stretch and recoil while maintaining single direction. tension from various directions, structural integrity and resilience. contributing to structural support and Found in tendons and ligaments. protection. Found in large blood vessel walls (e.g., aorta), certain ligaments, and bronchial Found in the dermis of the skin, joint tubes. capsules, and organ capsules. COLLAGEN FIBER ELASTIN FIBER FIBROBLAST COLLAGEN FIBER FIBROBLAST  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication.  MUSCULAR CELL & TISSUE Skeletal Cardiac Smooth  CONFIGURATION OF MUSCLE FIBERS SKELETAL CARDIAC SMOOTH It is striated and multi-nucleated with It is striated and mono-nucleated with It is non-striated and mono-nucleated with voluntary control, found in upper and involuntary control, found in heart. involuntary control, found in the walls of lower appendages. organs. It is regulated by autonomic nervous It is controlled by central nervous system, system, e.g. heartbeat. It is controlled by autonomic nervous e.g. lifting. system, e.g. peristalsis.  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication.  Microglia Oligodendrocyte Central Astrocyte NEURONAL CELL Ependymal cell & TISSUE Schwann cell Peripheral Satellite cell  NON-NEURONAL SUPPORT IN THE CNS MICROGLIA OLIGODENDROCYTE ASTROCYTE EPENDYMAL CELL It protects the CNS against It produces myelin that It provides structural support to It lines the cavities of the brain pathogens and contribute to insulates the axons in the CNS, neurons, regulate the chemical and spinal cord, producing synaptic pruning and facilitating faster transmission environment around them, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and neuroinflammation. of nerve impulses. contribute to the blood-brain assisting in its circulation. barrier and neurotransmitter recycling.  Microglia Oligodendrocyte Central Astrocyte NEURONAL CELL Ependymal cell & TISSUE Schwann cell Peripheral Satellite cell NON-NEURONAL SUPPORT IN THE PNS SCHWANN CELL SATELLITE CELL It produces myelin that insulates the axons in the PNS, It provides structural support and regulate the facilitating faster transmission of nerve impulses. microenvironment around nerves.  TYPES OF CELLS & TISSUES EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE MUSCULAR NEURONAL It covers body surfaces, lines It supports, binds, and It is composed of specialized It is composed of specialized internal cavities, and forms connects different tissues and cells for contraction and cells for transmission of glands. organs. relaxation. electrical signals. It provides protection, It provides structural integrity, It provides movement, It provides processing of absorption, secretion, and protection, and transport of maintenance of posture, and information and coordination sensation. nutrients and waste. production of heat. of bodily functions. It consists of tightly packed cells It consists of diverse range of It consists of skeletal, cardiac, It consists of central and with minimal extracellular cells with abundant and smooth muscle, each with peripheral nerves, each with matrix. extracellular matrix. specific functions related to specific function related to movement and force transmission and generation. communication. TISSUE REPAIR TISSUE REPAIR  INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY CELLS & TISSUES