Research: Introduction, Importance, Characteristics, and Process PDF

§ At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Share research experiences and knowledge 2. Explain the importance of research in daily life 3. Describe the characteristics, process and ethics of research 4. Provide examples of research in areas of interests: - Arts, humanities, sports, scien...

§ At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Share research experiences and knowledge 2. Explain the importance of research in daily life 3. Describe the characteristics, process and ethics of research 4. Provide examples of research in areas of interests: - Arts, humanities, sports, science, business, agriculture, fisheries, information and communication technology and social inquiry § NATURE OF INQUIRY RESEARCH Abstraction: 1. What is inquiry? 2. What is research? 3. Why do we need to be engaged in research? 4. How important is research in our daily lives? § 1. Introduction : Nature of Inquiry Research § 2. Importance of Research § 3. Characteristics of Research and Research Designs § 4. Qualitative Research vs. Quantitative Research § 5. Research Process § 6. Ethics of Research Group Activity: Reporting Instruction: On the first column, list the things that you know about research and importance of research. On the second column, list the things that you want to know about research and importance of research. On the third column, list the things that you have learned (based on your readings and discussion) about research and importance of research after the lesson. What I KNOW about research What I WANT to know about What I LEARNED about and importance of research research and importance of research and importance of research research 1. __________________ 1. __________________ 1. __________________ 2. __________________ 2. __________________ 2. __________________ 3. __________________ 3. __________________ 3. __________________ Activity: Man’s Major Problems Demand Research The following are examples of man’s problems for which products of research are born: 1. In Metro Manila, employees, teachers, students, businessmen and many others find difficulty in commuting everyday due to the heavy traffic, ____________________?__________________________ Hence, the LRT (Light Rail Transit) is constructed to ease the problem. 2. Three decades ago businessmen, engineers, and accountants found difficulty in computing _________________?________________ So calculators were invented to solve the problem. 3. In the early 20th century, rural folks found difficulty in seeing events in far distance. ______________?_______________ Hence, televisions, movies were invented to solve the problem thereby enabling man to see and hear events that happen at great distance. 4. A century or two ago, our great grandparents found difficulty in going to far places because they just used bamboo rafts and it took them several months to reach their destination, i.e. from Mindanao to Manila. _______________?______________ Now, Manila can be reached in just an hour or two due to the invention of the airplane. Likewise, ships, buses, jeepneys, automobiles, are also products of research which have enabled man to reach far places in short periods of time. 5. A century ago, Filipinos found difficulty in communicating with their relatives and friends here and abroad. __________?_________ The problem has been greatly reduced by new communication facilities such as the telephone, fax machines, cellphones, computers and many others which make possible even instant communication over long distance. 6. More than a century ago, rural folks merely used coconut oil lamp to lighten their houses, _________________?_________________ until electricity was discovered and used to provide light and other conveniences.  RESEARCH - process of discovering new knowledge Advancement Development Advancement of existing of new of existing knowledge concept theories theories Leading to new understanding that was not previously known.  What is Research? Research is the process of discovering new knowledge. This knowledge can be either the development of new concepts or the advancement of existing knowledge and theories, leading to a new understanding that was not previously known.  Why do we need to be How important is research in What is inquiry? What is research? engaged in research? our daily lives? Derived from old french Allows you to pursue your Research is essential in our word interests: daily lives as : CERCHIER means “seeking for truth” “to seek or search” 1. to learn something new 1. provides us with knowledge information and 2. helps us make informed knowledge Search - investigate 2. hone your problem- decisions solving skills 3. drives innovation and Re - means again progress Information is sought 3. to challenge yourself in 4. helps us solve problems. through questioning. Literally: new ways 5. a critical component in shaping our world RESEARCH means to 6. improving our quality of INVESTIGATE AGAIN life.  Basic Research Applied Research Action Research Evaluative Research Study Previous findings Direct solution to a Evaluates program and First hand research Research used in the problem product’s effectiveness Survey / Opinion industry. Simple Experiment Example: Example: Example: Example: A Study to DepEd - Modules Aircon - 3 years used Determine the (used to Addresses / aid Vaccines for Covid Factors that educational struggles Effectiveness and needs to Engineering Structures Contributes to Stress during pandemic, improve levels amongst teenage pregnancy, Grade 11 Students. working students and etc. INQURY The exploratory nature of inquiry allows individuals particularly students to grapple (to hold) with different ways of looking at ideas and issues and to think creatively about problems that do not possess simple answer. GOVERNING PRINCIPLEOF INQUIRY  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Is defined as careful, systematic study in the field of knowledge, undertaken to discover or establish facts or principles. (Webster, 1984). Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue. (Creswell, J.W. (2013) Defined as a scientific investigation of phenomena which includes collection, analysis and interpretation of facts (Calmorin, 2004).  WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research is the systematic investigation and study of materials and sources to establish facts and reach new conclusions. (Walker, 2010). Collection of data in a rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation; a more formal, systematic and intensive process of carrying on a scientific method of analysis. 1. Ang research dinedefend. 2. Ang research ay may ethical considerations. 3. Ang research ay may significant levels. 4. Ang research ay may clear and specific objectives. 5. And lastly, ang research ay may proposal. Research is very significant in our lives, it gradually changed human life through history. Here are the five (5) importance of research to our daily lives. 1. Research aims for truth (Rolfe 2002). 2. Research improves quality of human life (Bornmann 2013). 3. Research saves life(Cancer Research UK 2019). 4. Research gathers necessary information (Igwenagu 2016). 5. Research explores humanity (Lee, Tran, and Lee 2007)  RESEARCH New New Technology knowledge New tools New skills /devices Better condition/welfare practice Improved quality of life Qualitative Research is Quantitative Research is used primarily exploratory to quantify the problem by research. It is used to gain way of generating numerical an understanding of data or data that can be underlying reasons, transformed into usable opinions, and motivations. statistics. It is used to quantify Qualitative Research is also attitudes, opinions, used to uncover trends in behaviors, and other defined thought and opinions, and variables – and generalize dive deeper into the results from a larger sample problem. population.  Qualitative Quantitative Purpose To explain and gain insight To explain, predict, and/or and understanding of control phenomena through phenomena through focused collection of intensive collection of numerical data. Test narrative data. hypotheses Approach to Subjective Objective Inquiry Research Natural setting Controlled to the degree Setting possible Sampling Purposive: Intent to select Random: Intent to select “small, ” not necessarily “large, ” representative representative sample in sample in order to order to get in-depth generalize results to a understanding population  Qualitative Quantitative Measurement Non-standardized, Standardized, numerical narrative (measurements, numbers) Data Interviews/Focus Group Administration of tests and Collection discussion Observation. questionnaires (close ended) Strategies Taking of extensive, Quantitative Observation. detailed field notes. Data Analysis Raw data are in words. Raw data are numbers. Aims to generate themes Involves statistics to come to (thematic analysis) conclusions  Qualitative Quantitative Purpose To explain and gain insight To explain, predict, and/or and understanding of control phenomena through phenomena through focused collection of intensive collection of numerical data. Test narrative data. hypotheses Approach to Subjective Objective Inquiry Research Natural setting Controlled to the degree Setting possible Sampling Purposive: Intent to select Random: Intent to select “small, ” not necessarily “large, ” representative representative sample in sample in order to order to get in-depth generalize results to a understanding population  Qualitative Quantitative Measurement Non-standardized, Standardized, numerical narrative (measurements, numbers) Data Interviews/Focus Group Administration of tests and Collection discussion Observation. questionnaires (close ended). Strategies Taking of extensive, Quantitative Observation. detailed field notes. Data Analysis Raw data are in words. Raw data are numbers. Aims to generate themes Involves statistics to come to (thematic analysis) conclusions Talk about: 1. Any research experience, and the things you learned from this experience. 2. How will you use this learning in your daily life? Building Addressing Debunking Exercising the Knowledge and Societal Issues Misinformation Mind and Facilitating and Raising and Upholding Promoting Learning Public Truths Identifying Mental Health Awareness Driving Informing Innovation and Opportunities Decision- Economic and Enhancing Making Development Personal Growth 1.Building Knowledge and Facilitating Learning Research enables individuals to deepen their understanding of var ious subjects, f oster ing continuous learning and intellectual growth. 2. Informing Decision-Making By providing evidence-based insights, research aids in making informed choices in personal, professional, and public domains. 3. Addressing Societal Issues and Raising Public Awareness Through the investigation of social challenges, research promotes awareness and informs policies that address community needs. 4. Driving Innovation and Economic Development Research fuels technological advancements and business strategies, leading to economic growth and improved quality of life. 5. Debunking Misinfor mation and Upholding Truths By critically evaluating information, research helps dispel myths and confirm facts, maintaining the integrity of knowledge. 6. Identifying Oppor tunities and Enhancing Personal Growth Engaging in research uncovers new possibilities and fosters skills such as critical thinking and problem-solving, contr ibuting to individual development. 7. Exercising the Mind and Promoting Mental Health T he analytical nature of research stimulates cognitive functions, supporting mental well-being and resilience. Incorporating research into daily activities empowers individuals to navigate the complexities of modern life with informed perspectives and innovative solutions. ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH ETHICS based on the National Ethical Guidelines for Research Involving Human Participants 2022 pp. 14-30 vFairly divide the class into 8 groups vEach group will report an Ethical Guideline Social Value (5 mins) Informed Consent (2 groups-10 mins) o Documentation of Consent o Waiver of Informed Consent qReport only the o Renewing Consent essential parts Vulnerability of Research Participants (5 mins) qCompile all the Benefits, Risks, and Safety (5 mins) presentations into 1 PPT Privacy and Confidentiality of Information (5 mins) Justice (5 mins) Transparency (5 mins) 1. Systematic Process Research follows a structured approach, involving def ined steps such as identifying a problem, reviewing the literature, designing the study, c o l l e c t i n g a n d a n a ly z i n g d a t a , a n d d raw i n g conclusions. 2. Objectivity and Unbiased Approach The researcher needs to present information that are purely based on truths. It should always be anchored on the factual basis in which the research work is founded, thus being free from any bias or personal opinion. 3. Feasible The researcher needs to consider the possibility and practicality of conducting the proposed study. All significant factors like time, budget and access to resources must be analyzed to determine if the research can actually be done. 4. Empirical Approach T he researcher needs to employ appropr iate methods, either quantitatively or qualitatively, to produce evidence-based information. They can be drawn from concrete experimentation, direct or indirect observation, and verifiable experience. 5. Clear T he researcher needs to use comprehensible l a ngua ge to present i nf or ma ti o n a n d c o nvey explanation throughout the research process. 1. Identifying a Research Problem Quantitative: Specify variables to study, examine the relationship among variables, and formulate hypotheses. Qualitative: Focus on understanding a central phenomenon, exploring issues in depth, or addressing a particular problem. 2. Reviewing the Literature  Conduct a comprehensive review of relevant theories, studies, and concepts.  Identify gaps in the existing body of knowledge.  Build a conceptual framework or theoretical foundation for the study. 3. Specifying a Purpose or Objective 5. Collecting Data  Clearly articulate the purpose statement of the Quantitative: Use instruments study. such as surveys, tests, or structured  Define whether the research aims to describe, observations. explore, explain, or predict phenomena. Qualitative: Gather data through interviews, focus groups, participant observations, or 4. Designing the Study document analysis. Quantitative: Choose an experimental, correlational, or survey design. Qualitative: Select a case study, ethnography, narrative inquiry, phenomenology, or grounded theory. 6. Analyzing and Interpreting Data Quantitative: Perform statistical analysis (e.g., descriptive statistics, inferential tests). Qualitative: Use thematic coding, pattern identification, or narrative synthesis. 7. Validating the Findings Quantitative: Ensure reliability and validity through statistical measures. Qualitative: Use trustworthiness strategies like triangulation, member checking, or audit trails. 8. Reporting and Sharing Results  Prepare the research report according to the audience and purpose.  Use different formats (e.g., journal articles, dissertations, presentations).  Include visual aids like charts, graphs, or thematic maps. 9. Reflecting and Improving  Reflect on the process to identify limitations and areas for improvement.  Suggest directions for future research. 1. SOCIAL VALUE Research involving human participants is justified only if it addresses a significant social or health problem and contributes to the well-being of individuals, families, or communities. The study's importance should be detailed in the protocol, explaining how it addresses the problem and off ers potential solutions. The methodology must be scientifically valid and capable of generating relevant knowledge. Additionally, a dissemination plan is crucial for ensuring social value, outlining how results will be shared effectively with appropriate recipients. 2. INFORMED CONSENT Informed consent is a participant's voluntary decision to join a research study after being fully informed about the study's purpose, procedures, and their rights. It ensures that participants are not subjected to coercion, undue influence, inducement, or intimidation. The process begins with initial contact and continues throughout the study, involving clear explanations, answering questions, and verifying participant understanding. For research involving humans, voluntary informed consent must be obtained. If a participant cannot provide consent due to incapacity, researchers must seek assent from the individual and consent from a legally authorized representative, following applicable laws. Communication of information should be clear, suitable to the participant's capacity and understanding, and not merely a formal reading of a document. Researchers must respect participants' dignity and autonomy throughout the process. Documentation of Consent Informed consent documentation typically includes the participant's signature or thumb mark on the consent form. For sensitive or controversial research, notarization can be an option to ensure voluntariness and protect both parties. Technological methods, such as electronic signatures or recorded consent, may also be used with REC approval. If a consent form is not feasible, a witness-attested process or other approved methods may be substituted. Waiver of Informed Consent A waiver of informed consent is an exceptional measure that requires approval from a Research Ethics Committee (REC). It can be granted in specific research contexts, such as archival research using publicly available documents or naturalistic observation (covert method). For naturalistic observation, the following conditions must be met: § Justification for using naturalistic observation. § A plan for using the collected data. § Assurance of minimal risk to participants. § Mechanisms to ensure confidentiality and anonymity. § In some cases, elements of informed consent may be waived or modified if the research presents minimal risk, does not negatively impact participants' rights and welfare, cannot be carried out without the waiver, and participants are informed afterward. Renewing Consent Informed consent for data collection should be time-bound and can be withdrawn by the participant at any time. It must be renewed under certain conditions, such as when there are significant changes in the research's circumstances or procedures, when new information arises that may affect participants' willingness to continue, during long-term studies at set intervals (even without changes to the study), or when minors reach adolescence or young adults in studies involving children. 3. VULNERABILITY OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS Vulnerable research participants, such as those with physical or mental disabilities, poverty, or marginalization, require special protection due to their increased risk of harm and inability to make independent decisions about participation. Research involving vulnerable groups should only occur if it benefits the population represented and cannot be conducted with non-vulnerable groups. Adequate support and information must be provided to participants who may consent under duress or without sufficient understanding. Special care is needed to avoid undue influence, especially when there is an dependent relationship between the researcher and participant. 4. BENEFITS, RISKS, AND SAFETY Research involving human participants must be justified by the potential benefits to participants or their community. Before conducting research, a careful assessment of risks, burdens, and foreseeable benefits is required. Efforts must be made to minimize negative impacts on participants' well-being while maximizing potential benefits. Research should only proceed if there is an acceptable balance between benefits and risks, and participants must consent to any risks. Researchers must ensure that positive outcomes are accessible to the community. When conducting research with informed consent, risks should not exceed those of routine medical or psychological examinations, unless there is a clear scientific or medical reason. 5. PRIVACY AND CONFIDENTIALITY OF INFORMATION Researchers must prioritize participants' privacy and confidentiality, ensuring that personal information is not released unless required by law. Confidentiality should be explicitly stated in the informed consent f orm, with par ticipants asked f or consent to release information and informed of potential risks. In cases where illegal or harmful behaviors (e.g., child abuse, self-harm) are disclosed, the researcher must clarify the limits of confidentiality and be prepared to report such incidents to authorities. Group data collection methods, like focus group discussions, must include safeguards for privacy. Researchers should also detail their data management plan, ensuring all involved parties adhere to pr ivacy protections, including compliance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012. 6. JUSTICE In research involving human participants, the principle of justice emphasizes the fair distribution of both the burdens and benefits of participation. It is unjust for one group to bear the costs while another benefits, and research should not exacerbate health or social inequities. Fair selection in population, sampling, and assignments is essential. Participants must receive appropriate care regardless of their background. Compensation should be provided for any harm or expenses, including lost earnings or travel costs. Payments should not be excessive, to avoid undue inducement, and should be given promptly. Participants should be protected from exploitation, and both individuals and communities should have access to the benefits of the research. 7. TRANSPARENCY Transparency in ethical research means that all parties involved must openly disclose relevant information, including potential conflicts of interest. It supports privacy while fostering trust in the research process, especially in areas like research purposes, policies, and funding. Researchers are obligated to share study aspects that might affect participants' rights, health, or safety, particularly when informed consent is involved. Results should only be disclosed to participants when the findings are scientifically valid, significant to their well-being, and there are clear actions to address concerns. Transparency also requires researchers to reveal any factors that could compromise their objectivity, and for participants to be honest about their health and concerns.