Basic Understanding Of Research PDF

Basic Understanding Of Research OBJECTIVES Basic history of nursing research Two basic types of research The steps in the research process  Florence Nightingale introduced concept of scientific inquiry as the basis of nursin...

Basic Understanding Of Research OBJECTIVES Basic history of nursing research Two basic types of research The steps in the research process  Florence Nightingale introduced concept of scientific inquiry as the basis of nursing practice Research during the Crimean War She worked to improve sanitary conditions in the 1800s – this was one of the first times that a nurse linked environmental conditions (variables) to clinical or patient outcomes Brief History of Her book, “Notes on Nursing”, Nursing presented her initial observations and findings Research She didn’t practice EBP, but her findings were based on her experience and observations. Two Basic Categories of Research Quantitative research Qualitative research  Researcher identifies variables of interest and collects data from subjects Data takes on a numerical format Objective – think numbers, values Imposes tight control over the research situation Quantitative Generalizes findings and almost always includes numbers, facts, and figures Research Study sample usually has a large number of participants or subjects  Researcher collects narrative data or descriptions by having conversations with research participants, making observations, and taking notes Interactions usually occur in the participants’ natural environments Diaries may be used Subjective Describes an individual’s experience in their own words Qualitative Researcher uses open-ended questions to Research allow the participant to share their thoughts and feelings Fewer participants than quantitative studies Steps In The Research Process Identify study assumptions. Conduct a review of the literature. State the purpose of the study. Identify the type of research design. Conduct the study ethically. Identify the problem. Unscramble Formulate the hypothesis or research question. the steps! Identify a theoretical or conceptual framework. Determine the study variables.  State the Determine the Identify the purpose of the variables of the problem. study. study. Steps in the Identify a Research Conduct a review of the literature. theoretical or conceptual framework. Conduct the study ethically. Process Formulate the Identify the type Identify study hypothesis or of research assumptions. research design. questions. Steps In The Research Process Guidelines for Writing a Problem Step 1: Identify the problem. Statement: What do you want to study? Is the problem statement clear and concise? Is the problem statement written as a Includes a problem statement declarative or an interrogatory sentence? Step 2: State the purpose of the study. Are the study variables and population of interest included in the problem statement? What is the goal or the aim? Does the problem statement indicate that the Includes a purpose statement study would be feasible or able to be carried out? Does the problem statement indicate that it is clinically significant or relevant to nursing practice? Steps In The Research Process Step 3: Determine the study variables. Variable – something that can change (i.e., blood pressure, pulse, heart rate, lab values) Can be independent or dependent Univariate or bivariate studies Extraneous variables – may also be called confounding, intervening, or mediating variables Step 4: Conduct a review of the literature. Identify good literature and research. Enables the researcher to determine if the evidence supports a change in practice Looking for literature within the past 5 years but you may need to include landmark studies Steps In The Research Process Step 5: Identify a theoretical or conceptual framework. Nursing research isn’t just done to learn the answer to a specific question. Theory provides structure for research studies. Goal of theory in research is to: “formulate a minimum set of generalizations that allow one to explain a maximum number of observational relationships among the variables in a given field of inquiry” Theory – an abstract generalization that offers a systematic explanation of how phenomena are interrelated Concepts – building blocks of theories Constructs – higher level concepts derived from theories and represent non-observable behaviors Conceptual model – a set of abstract and general concepts assembled to address a phenomenon of central interest These are loosely constructed in comparison to nursing theories  Nursing Theories Metaparadigm: primary phenomenon that is of interest to a particular discipline Grand theories – complex and broad in scope Middle range theories – focuses on 1 piece of reality or the human experience Practice theories – more targeted, produce specific directions or guidelines for practice Prescriptive theories – address nursing therapeutics and the outcomes of interventions Borrowed theories – taken from another discipline and applied towards nursing questions and research problems  Step 6: Conduct the study ethically. ALL studies should be conducted ethically. Step 7: Identify study assumptions. Assumptions – statements and principles that are taken as truth, based on a person’s values and beliefs Assumed to be true, but may not have been proven 3 types of assumptions: universal, based Steps In The Research Process on a theory or research finding, and necessary to complete the study Every scientific investigation is based on assumptions so it’s important to state them clearly so factors that may influence the questions asked, and other parts of the study, are identified Steps In The Research Process Step 8: Formulate the hypothesis or research question Hypothesis – predicts the relationship between two or more variables Should contain the population of interest and the variables Must be able to be tested in real life situations Different types: research hypothesis, null hypothesis, directional hypothesis, nondirectional hypothesis Research questions: statements that seek to address an identified research problem Step 9: Identify the type of research design  To determine whether pediatric patients obtain pain relief after taking acetaminophen. To explore feelings of hopelessness after a person is admitted into a LTC facility. Is it To measure anxiety using a scale after qualitative or caring for a dying patient. quantitative? To examine the prevalence of vaping in adolescents aged 12 to 16 years old. To explore the lived experience of nursing students in an accelerated nursing program of 11 months long. THANK YOU