History Of Social Welfare/Work PDF

HISTORY OF SOCIAL WELFARE / WORK  SOCIAL WELFARE IN EUROPE ocial Welfare in Europe Priest assumed responsibility for disadvantaged groups appealing to fortunate members of the church for worldly goods by giving alms to the needy. Religious piet...

HISTORY OF SOCIAL WELFARE / WORK  SOCIAL WELFARE IN EUROPE ocial Welfare in Europe Priest assumed responsibility for disadvantaged groups appealing to fortunate members of the church for worldly goods by giving alms to the needy. Religious piety was the motive for giving in all Ancient religion such as Hinduism, Babylonia and Egyptian Code, Greek and Roman, Jewish and Christian teachings. ocial Welfare in Europe 1300s - Bubonic plague kills nearly 1/3 of European population, labor shortages forced the State to intervene. 1348 - The Statute of Laborers is issued in England, requiring people to remain in their home manors and work for whatever lord want to pay. Statute of Laborers of 1348 issued by King Edward III first declared the able bodied poor to accept any employment and forbade them to leave their employment or else, they will have a punishment: mutilation of the ears and nose, etc.  St. Francis of Assisi - (founder of Franciscan missionary) started collecting alms and distributing them to the sick and the poor Martin Luther - (Germany, 1520), appealed to forbid begging and organize a common chest to receive from Juan Luis Vives (16 citizens donation for the needy. th - (Spanish philosopher) developed a program of poor reliefcentury) that involved dividing the city into parish quarters and organize a team to investigate the social conditions of every pauper family and providing aid through the customary distribution of alms.  Elizabeth Poor Law Elizabeth Poor Law of 1601 - codification of all laws for the poor which confirmed local community responsibility for the poor. The Poor law stressed family and community level responsibility. (indoor and outdoor relief) In 1558 Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne and enacted the Elizabethan Poor Law in 1601, which had its based on the concept of charity. The Poor law in the intention of sorting out services and to cater to the needs of those living i sub-standard conditions categorized people into: 1. Able body poor 2. Impotent poor 3. Dependent children  Elizabeth The Law by itself Poor effort was an important Law on part of the government to enlist categories of people in need of help and render services accordingly. The Lay also marks an important landmark of reiterating the role & responsibilities of governments in framing policies to address the needs of its people. However, Administrative loopholes and corruption led to the failure of the law, which was supposed to cater to the needs of the vulnerable group The situation of the poor continued to be worse and flourishing charity & philanthropic groups sustained their best in providing relief services to the unfortunate.  1697 - The workhouse system was developed in Bristol and soon spreads throughout England and parts of Europe 1782 - The Gilbert Ade was passed in England, enabling humanitarian, appalled by the exploitation of workhouse residence to institute reforms in many English jurisdictions. 1795 - Speemhamland System established earliest "poverty line" based on the price of bread and number of dependent s in a worker's family, subsidization provided when wages dipped below poverty line. 1800 - Reforms to the Elizabeth Poor Law (Charity organization Societies form in England with emphasis on detailed investigation.) Elberfeld System (1853) - relief system was financed by taxation and voluntary gifts, and having volunteer social investigators live in the same quarter as the poor whom they supervised so they can really be familiar with each other Fr. Vincent de Paul (France, 17th century) - reformers of charity in the Catholic Church. He devoted his life to the improvement of charities especially for prisoners and their families. - Organized the Ladies of Charity (first casework) - Daughters of Charity (1633) -young women from peasant class who devoted themselves in nursing the sick and the handicapped, and the poor - Forerunner of modern social work ouise de Marillac D.C., - (August 12, 1591 - March 15, 1660) was the co-founder, with Vincent de Paul, of the Daughters of Charity. She is venerated as a saint by the Catholic Church and the Episcopal Church in the United States of America - She is the patron saint of social work profession  1531 (Henry VIII) -beginning of recognition of public responsibility for the poor. Aged and paupers unable to work were registered and allowed to beg in an assigned area. Reformation - Introduced secularization - conversion from religious to state ownership and use of guilds and hospitals Statute of 1536 (Henry VIII) - plan of public relief that ruled paupers to register in their parishes only after they resided for 3 years. Impotent poor were maintained by the parish through church collection while able bodied beggars were forced to work.  Rev. Thomas Chalmers (1780 – 1847) Parish minister from Scotland - program of private charity based on the principle of neighbourly aid. Philosophy of personal, parochial relief. Used the ff strategy: 1. Careful study/investigation of the case 2. Relatives, friends, neighbors should care for the needy when self support (10 was not possible 3. Wealthy philanthropist maintains the family in the absence of his family 4. Laid the foundation for casework practice  SOCIAL WELFARE IN UNITED STATES  SOCIAL WELFARE IN UNITED 17th century - colonizers STATES from England brought laws, customs and attitudes towards beggars and paupers as criminals. Paupers are morally deficient people. To swear to the pauper's oath and made to wear the letter P on the shoulder of his right sleeve. 1700s - Early social welfare programs were heavily influenced by the Puritan ethics argued that only those people with a defect could fail. The colonies adopted the Elizabeth Poor Law, with "legal settlement" or residence qualifications. Poor relief was given in the form of outdoor relief in kind (clothes, food, fuel) or by "selling out" the pauper to the lowest bidder. 1877 - the first Charity Organization Society in Buffalo, New York - intended to avoid waste of funds, competition, and duplication of work among the relief agencies through a Board. The C.O.S required the social investigation of every relief applicant by a "friendly visitor“. Inspired by the Toynbee Hall in London, the first settlement house in the U.S. was founded by the Neighborhood Guild of New York.  - establishment of the Training School for Applied Philanthropy which Mary Richmond (1897) led to the organization of the firs social work courses in New York in 1898. - Wrote a book about 'Social Diagnosis“ Social diagnosis (assessment) is the attempt to arrive at an exact definition as far as possible of the social situation and personalit of a given client. It is a search for the cause of the problem which brings the client to the worker for help. Settlement House Movement Hull House (1889) - Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Star Built for working people, provide counselling, day nursery, kindergarten, etc. 1913 - the establishment of a Community Chest for the purpose of collecting private contributions and donations for the fair distribution to social agencies  SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES  THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES Social Welfare – covers practically everything that men do for the good of the society. This report includes the following periods: o Pre-historic Period o Spanish Period o American Period o Common-Wealth Period o Japanese Occupation o The Post-Wars Years o The Seventies o The Eighties o The Nineties  PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD Social Welfare work in those times centered on mutual protection and economic survival. This caused groups to band together and communities to link with each other through marriage among members SPANISH PERIOD HOSPITALS 1565 – Hosptalito de Santa Ana, founded by Don Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in Cebu ASYLUMS AND ORPHANAGES Religious charity was the motivation of the pious organizations to establish these institutions. SCHOOLS 1565 – Parochial School of Cebu founded by the Agustinians friars  AMERICAN PERIOD 1900 1905 1910 1 Attempt to 3 Philippine 5 A school for Alleviate Chapter of deaf and blind Deaf’s American Red was organized Conditions Cross 1899 1902 1907 Occupation of Insular Board La Gota de the American 2 4 Leche 6 in our Country  AMERICAN PERIOD Feb 5, 1921 1924 1915 1 The Associated 7 Public Welfare 9 The Office of the Public Welfare 1 Charities became an Board independent agency Commissioner and by this year was created Philippine Legislative Act No. 3203 was 1913 1917 1922 passed Associacion de The first 1 The Office of the 1 Damas Filipinas 8 government Public Welfare agency to 0 Commissioner 2 was organized operate as a prepared welfare agency solicitation  AMERICAN PERIOD 1 3 1933 Frank Murphy became the Governor-General of The Administration of Social Welfare in the Philippines. Scholarship grants for professional training in the United States were made available The Legislature appropriated funds for the operations of government child and maternal health centers which was established in every town with at least two thousand populations. The economic depression in the 1930s created serious economic problems. Josefa Jara Martinez who obtained a diploma In Social Work in 1921, worked for the Public Welfare Board where she started to introduce the scientific approach in social work. The Murphy administration's social welfare programs marked the first time the government assumed full responsibility for the relief of the distressed due to any cause THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES 1946 1940 1948 August 1948 January 3, 1951 Japanese The Post-War Common Wealth Occcupation Years Period THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES JAN 1. Divison of Public Assistance a. Assistance 3 b. Service 2. Child Welfare Division Services 3. Division of Rural Welfare “Self-Help” 1951 1965- Republic Act 4373 “An Act to Regulate the Practice of Social Work and the Operation of Social Work Agencies in the Social Philippines" Welfare Administratio n  THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE PHILIPPINES THE SEPT 8, 1976 SEVENTIES JUNE 2, 1978 JAN 30, 1987 THE EIGHTIES OCT 10, 1991 THE NINETIES 1967 1968 REFERENCES: SOCIAL WORK METHOD P R I M A RY & S E C O N D A RY METHODS PRIMAR YMETHO D  SOCIAL CASE WORK Social casework is an individualized approach to helping people address personal problems, typically related to psychosocial functioning, on a one-to-one basis. It aims to help individuals adjust to their social environments by facilitating understanding of their needs and helping them create plans to resolve issues.  Casework has three fundamental characteristics which distinguishes it from the other social work methods. These are: individualization, the client-worker relationship, and social treatment.  INDIVIDUALIZATI ON on helping individuals and their Focuses immediate families by treating each person as unique. In wealthier countries, casework focuses on psychosocial issues, but in poorer regions, immediate survival needs like poverty dominate, leaving little time for long-term treatment.  CLIENT-WORKER A strong,RELATIONSHIP personal relationship between the client and the social worker is vital. In cultures like the Philippines, personal rapport, known as pagkatao, is crucial for establishing a productive partnership.  SOCIAL RefersTREATMENT to the interventions and services used to help individuals resolve their problems. Originally influenced by medical and psychiatric approaches, treatment remains central, even when poverty is the primary issue. Social workers must possess both technical skills and a deep understanding of human behavior to help clients, even in brief counseling sessions.  SOCIAL GROUP WORK Social group work is a method within social work that focuses on enhancing individuals' social functioning through purposeful group experiences. It operates on the premise that humans have an inherent need to participate in group life, which can provide opportunities for personal development and improved social relationships.  ASPECTS OF SOCIAL GROUP WORK Development of Individuals Aims to develop individuals, strengthen personalities, and enhance social relationships by encouraging meaningful participation in group life. Historical Context Originated from the settlement movement in the U.S., which focused on uplifting working-class communities, particularly immigrants, through programs like citizenship training and literacy classes. Applications in the Philippines Initially focused on youth recreation and character-building activities. Since the 1970s, it has expanded to include educational and work-related programs for marginalized groups, especially women and children.  OBJECTIVES Enhance social functioning. Promote active participation and cooperation. Build interpersonal skills among group members. COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION/WORK -The term "community organization" originated in the United States and means coordination of existing social services through joint planning and fund-raising. -defined by Arthur Dunham as the process of bringing about and maintaining adjustment between social welfare resources and social welfare needs within a specific field of service. -Target involved social welfare needs and social goals COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION/WORK -Development of community consciousness (initial objective) -Associated with social planning, advocacy, social action, community development, and social change -consist of socioeconomic and welfare activities -Community workers must have specialized knowledge and skills: theoretical knowledge of the sociology of communities SECONDARY METHOD  SOCIAL economic ACTION -organized effort to change or institutions through improve social and organization and mobilization of the community people. -to solve mass problems by influencing or changing social and economic conditions or practices. -Facilitate participants/members in making choices and taking actions for themselves. -open participation -aims for prevention, change, solution, and improvement.  The social action process passes through systematic stages, including: 1. scientific analysis or research on the social problem affecting the community people 2. Aaareness is generated regarding various aspects of the problem, and people are encouraged to take collective and collaborative action to solve the problem. 3. Organizing people for coordinated and directed intervention (this develops strategies to achieve goals) 4. Action is taken.  PRINCIPLES TO ACHIEVE THE OVERALL GOAL: 1. Principle of Credibility Building 2. Principle of Legitimation 3. Principle of dramatization 4. Principles of Multiple Strategies 5. Principles of Dual Approach 6. Principle of manifold programmers  SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION -It refers to the process by which the objectives of a social welfare agency or organization are achieved through the efficient utilization of men, money, materias, machine, methods, time and space. -it is cumulative responsibility shared by all organizational members, and its key to function is to enable individuals and groups within the social agency to maximize their participation and contribution to organization voluntarily. A broad definition of social work administration would include all the process involved in administration: 1. Formulation of policy and its translation into operative goals; 2. Program design and implementation; 3. Funding and resource allocation; 4. Management of internal and interorganizational operations; 5. Personal direction and supervision; 6. Organizational representation and public relations; 7. Community education; and 8. Monitoring, evaluation, and innovation to improve organizational productivity.  SOCIAL WORK RESEARCH - refers to systematic investigation, inquiry, and study of a problem for the purpose of adding more knowledge to already existing once in a form that is communicable and verifiable. -the purpose of social work research is to produce knowledge for social work use, application, and practice. According to Reid, research in social work has at least three functions. First, the perspectives and methods of science can provide a framework for practice activities - a practitioner can make use of a scientific orientation and striving to obtain the best results possible. Second, research helps to build knowledge for practice. It can generate and refine concepts, determine the evidence for generalization and theories, and ascertain the effectiveness of practice methods. Third, research serves the practical function of providing situation - specific data to inform such action as practice decisions program  PRACTICE APPROACHES - Social work practice refers to the activity carried out by social workers in varied institutional settings, communities, and private practice. These workers address a full range of human problems involving individuals, families, and groups. *The term "social work practice" emerged in 1970s. An "approach" in social work refers to the means or the manner by which a social worker comes closer to the client or the client system.  GENERALIST APPROACH -A generalist is a social worker who provides services to clients with problems or in situations where expert or specialized interventions are not needed. -The practitioner must have the capability to apply a variety of change efforts to help people achieve the desired change. -The generalist approach requires the social worker to study the client or the client system and the environment so that he can determine the appropriate method of intervention to use. -The worker does not apply one method and intervention on a client he enables him to experience other opportunities for  SPECIALIZATION -Is a social work practice in a certain area or field which requires expert knowledge and skills. It may be focused according to the population served such as family welfare, or focal problems - child exploitation; our method used: caseworker, group worker or community worker.  CLINICAL SOCIAL WORK -Sometimes called advanced direct practice. -it is a direct service to people. It is a practice modality of casework. -its purpose is the maintenance and enhancement of the psychological functioning of individuals, families, and small groups by maximizing the availability of needed interpersonal, intrapersonal, and societal resources.  CRISIS INTERVENTION -it is a rated form of first line interventions with clients in stress. The aim is to prevent psychosocial stress from becoming debilitative. Its goals are: 1. To reduce the immediate harmful effects of the stressful events 2. To help mobilize the latent capacities and capabilities of those directly affected, as well as agency and community resources so that they can cope more effectively with the effects of the crisis.  TOTAL FAMILY APPROACH -The total family approach refers to the discovery and utilization of the strengths within the family, that is, among its individual members to solve individual and family problems. -This approach is a reaffirmation of the great value we place on the family particularly when social changes now threaten to reduce the strength, solidarity, and cohesiveness of the family as the basic social unit.  BARANGANIC APPROACH -refers to the application of the community organization method using the barangay council or a similar structure as a point of entry to gain access to or come closer to the community. -this was introduced by the government's a social welfare agency, now the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) -the baranganic approach seeks to develop the people's capacity at the grassroots for problem solving, planning and decision making by assisting existing barangay councils to identify their own community problems, needs and aspirations, an implementing their own plans and evaluating their projects.  COMMUNITY OUTREACH -refers to the efforts of a social agency to make available the social services it has to offer to a community who it believes, can you some assistance without waiting for the people to come to the agency to ask for help.  INTEGRATED PRACTICE -the integrated practice of social work incorporates what is common or generic in all three primary methods of social work intervention towards creating a better environment and maximizing opportunities for developing individual potential. It refers to the use of the direct practice methods singly, serially, or in combination. REFERENCE GROUP MEMBERS INTRODUCTION OF L O U R E N M. R A G AY S O C I A L W O R K BY R E E S E A S H L E Y T. LEONORA SERAFICA-DE BADIOLA GUZMAN AIRA MARIE A. ABADINES  COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE Person Problem Place Process CLIENT (PERSON) The dictionary defines a client as "one for whom professional services are rendered" or "one dependent on the patronage (protection) of another." An individual, family, small group or community who finds himself in need in some aspects of his economic, social, and emotional living. Sometimes referred to as the "case" PROBLEM A problem is a question or a situation that presents uncertainty, perplexity, or difficulty. The problem arises when the individual's need has not been met or there are obstacles to its fulfillment. Most Common Problems in the Philippines: Economic Problems lack of economic and social resources Intellectual Problems lack of education and skills, knowledge and experien Physical Problems lack of love, care and protection Psychosocial Problems emotional reaction to stress, loss of relationship AGENCY (PLACE) In social welfare, "the place" refers to the physical or organizational setting where services are provided to meet the needs of individuals, families, or communities. A social welfare agency addresses unmet social needs by providing resources and trained workers.  Types of Agencies: Public - governmental Private - non governmental Semi - governmental - ex. National Red Cross PROCESS The last and most important component of social work practice. It is through which the agency's purpose it acheived. It is the phase through which treatment is applied to attain the change in behavior of in the environment. It is scientific as it goes throgh problem identification and termination. Steps in the Helping Process 1.Identification of the presenting problem - Intake. (1) record identifying data about the client, (2) identify the presenting problem, (3) determine the client's presumptive eligibility and motivation to use a service. 2.Data-gathering - it entails the gathering of comprehensive information about all the dimensions of a problem so that the interaction of its components can be understood. 3.Diagnosis Assessment - Essentially, diagnostic is the worker's professional opinion as to the nature of the need or problem which the client presents. Steps in the Helping Process 4. Planning the intervention - involves goal and specific objectives setting and determination of strategies to be used. Plans may be immediate, near future, or long range. Steps: Goal Setting Specific Objectives 5. Plan Implementation/Intervention Types of Assistance Case Management Duration of Service Steps in the Helping Process 6. Evaluation - to measure the impact of social worker's intervention. 7. Continuation of termination the service has been completed and the goal achieved; nothing further is to be gained by continuing; the client requests termination; referral has been made to another source for help; and the change has been stabilized and maintained and from here on the client can manage by himself