History Of Nursing PDF

TFN NOTES a. GOOD SAMARITAN PARABLE - illustrates the importance of HISTORY OF NURSING compassion and love for all, regardless of so...

TFN NOTES a. GOOD SAMARITAN PARABLE - illustrates the importance of HISTORY OF NURSING compassion and love for all, regardless of social or WOMEN’S ROLES ethnic differences. - Wife, mother, daughter, and sister to care and nurture In the story, a man is beaten and left for family members dead on the road. A priest and a Levite - Care for the community and pass by without helping, but a Samaritan, service to the sick considered an outsider by Jewish society, - Care related to physical stops to care for the man. The Samaritan comfort and maintenance tends to his wounds and pays for his care, demonstrating selfless kindness. The Traditional nursing role: parable emphasizes that true neighborly - Humanistic care, nurturing, love transcends boundaries and is shown comforting, and supporting through actions, not just beliefs. - General care FABIOLA WEALTHY MATRON MEN’S ROLES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE - Nurses dated back to the crusades After divorcing her abusive husband, - In WW2 male nurses were which was frowned upon in Roman denied admission to the society, she later repented and devoted military nursing corps her life to serving the poor and sick. She based on gender used her wealth to establish the first public - In 20th century men were hospital in the West, where she worked denied admission to most personally to care for those in need. nursing programs KNIGHTS OF SAINT JOHN OF a. STEVE MILLER (RN, 1971) JERUSALEM - Organized men in nursing Founded in the 11th century, they provided b. LUTHER CHRISTMAN (1974) medical care to pilgrims in the Holy Land. - American Assembly for Over time, they became a military order Men in Nursing (1981) but continued their nursing work, establishing hospitals across Europe and Barriers and challenges for men in the Middle East. nursing: - Considered gay/female TEUTONIC KNIGHTS - Lack of nursing male role models - Female dominated field Originating in the late 12th century, this order initially focused on caring for sick RELIGION and injured German pilgrims. They combined military and medical duties, CHRISTIAN VALUE operating hospitals and providing care - Love thy neighbor as during the Crusades. thyself and Good samaritan parable  KNIGHTS OF SAINT LAZARUS - Leprosy a. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE Founded in the 12th century, they was a pioneering nurse and reformer who specialized in caring for lepers. They ran revolutionized healthcare. During the leper hospitals and served both as a Crimean War, she improved sanitary religious and military order dedicated to conditions in military hospitals, drastically treating those with leprosy. reducing death rates. Her efforts led to the establishment of modern nursing practices ALEXIAN BROTHERS and education. - The black plague AMERICAN CIVIL WAR a Catholic religious order, became known (1861-1865) for their courageous service during the *Black Plague* in the 14th century. While During the American Civil War, the high many fled from the disease, the Alexian number of wounded soldiers led to a Brothers remained to care for the sick and surge in demand for nurses. Women, dying, particularly those who were poor or many without formal training, volunteered abandoned. They provided nursing care, to care for the sick and injured, improving buried the dead, and offered spiritual sanitation and medical care. This period support, often risking their own lives in the was pivotal in the development of nursing process. as a recognized and respected profession in the U.S. THEODOR FLIEDNER - Trained Florence a. HARRIET TUBMAN Nightingale Harriet Tubman served as a nurse, caring was a German pastor who founded the for wounded soldiers, freed slaves, and *Kaiserswerth Deaconess Institute* in the sick. She used her knowledge of 1836, the first modern nursing school. His herbal remedies to treat illnesses and institute trained women, known as injuries, especially among African deaconesses, in nursing, education, and American soldiers. Tubman's work as a social work, influencing the nurse, combined with her efforts as a spy professionalization of nursing. Florence and scout, contributed significantly to the Nightingale was one of its notable Union war effort students. b. SOJOURNER TRUTH WARS RELEVANT IN NURSING worked to improve conditions for Black soldiers and advocated for better medical CRIMEAN WAR (1854-1856) care, while also helping provide supplies and support to military hospitals. marked a turning point in the history of nursing. It exposed the poor conditions c. DOROTHEA DIX and lack of medical care for soldiers, prompting reforms. appointed as the Superintendent of Army Nurses, organizing and overseeing the recruitment and training of nurses. She played a key role in improving medical conditions and setting standards for a. NURSE’S NOTES nursing care during the war. - Writing interventions and the report/records on VIETNAM WAR patients During the Vietnam War, nurses played a MARY MAHONEY (1845-1940) crucial role in providing medical care to - First african american soldiers, often in harsh and dangerous professional nurse conditions. Military nurses worked in field hospitals, mobile units, and on medevac LILIAN WALD (1867-1940) helicopters, treating severe injuries from - Founder of Public Health combat. The war also marked the growing Nursing presence of women in military service, with nurses helping advance emergency LAVINIA DOCK (1858-1956) care practices such as triage and trauma - Fought for women's rights surgery. to vote and campaigned for legislation that allow nurses to control their profession rather than physicians. NURSING LEADERS MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE (1879-1966) - “Lady with the lamp” - Founder of planned parenthood known for founding the Nightingale Training School for Nurses and writing MARY BRECKINRIDGE influential works on nursing and hospital (1881-1965) design. Her contributions laid the - Founded Frontier Nursing groundwork for professional nursing and Service health care reform. LUTHER CHRISTMAN Known for her Environmental Theory: (1915-2011) emphasized the importance of a clean and - First male dean of healthy environment in patient care. She Vanderbilt University believed that factors such as proper School of Nursing ventilation, light, cleanliness, and sanitation were crucial for recovery. ERNEST GRANT (1968- present) - First male president of CLARA BARTON (1821-1921) American Nurses - Established American Red Association in January Cross 2019. LINDA RICHARDS (1841-1930) - America’s first trained nurse - Introduced nurse’s notes and doctor’s orders  HISTORY OF NURSING SCIENCE COMPONENTS OF THEORETICAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION IN NURSING - Method for describing, explaining, and predicting THEORY causes or outcomes of - System of ideas presumed interventions to explain a phenomenon - Systematic view with NURSING PROCESS (ADPIE) concepts - Systematic explanation of 1. Assessment an event 2. Diagnosis 3. Planning → COMPONENTS OF THEORY: 4. Intervention 5. Evaluation 1. CONCEPT - The building block of a NURSING SCIENCE theory - Words or phrases RATIONALISM - elements / components - Emphasize the importance necessary to understand a of prior reasoning phenomenon - Deductive inquiry - Theory then research a. ABSTRACT CONCEPT - Mentally formulated EMPIRICISM - Idea that us not physical or - Anchors on sensory tangible experience, facts - Cannot be perceived by the - Inductive inquiry senses - Collection of facts is basis for generalization b. CONCRETE CONCEPT - Research then theory - Directly experienced and relate to time and space INDEPENDENCE OF THEORY AND - Physical or tangible RESEARCH - Experienced through the senses → A theory is accepted based on scientific consensus– needed in some 2. RELATIONSHIP STATEMENTS areas: - describe the connections between concepts or variables. 1. Agreement on the boundaries of the theory/ phenomenon a. PROPOSITIONS 2. Agreement on the logic used in - Statement or relationship constructing the theory between 2 concepts 3. Agreement that the theory fits the - More general than data collected and analyzed hypothesis and do not through research require immediate testing  2. RECEIVED KNOWLEDGE b. HYPOTHESIS - Nurses begin to acquire - Tentative suggestions knowledge from external - Specific, testable sources, such as experts, predictions educators, or authoritative texts, without critically c. LAW evaluating the information. - Well established, universally accepted 3. SUBJECTIVE KNOWLEDGE relationship statements that - Nurses start to question have been validated external authority and rely repeatedly through more on personal empirical evidence. experience and intuition. They begin to recognize d. AXIOMS their own voices in - Axioms are fundamental understanding patient care. truths or principles that are accepted as self-evident 4. PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE and do not require proof - Nurses focus on learning - Common in abstract the processes and methods concepts of care, relying on evidence-based practice, CONCEPTUAL MODEL/ but still heavily influenced FRAMEWORK by established guidelines - Set of interrelated concepts and procedures. that symbolically represents and conveys a mental 5. CONSTRUCTED KNOWLEDGE image of a phenomenon - Nurses integrate both objective evidence and PHENOMENON personal experience. They - Designated of an aspect of start to critically analyze reality and synthesize knowledge from various sources to form their own understanding. STAGES OF THEORY DEVELOPMENT IN NURSING 6. INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE - Nurses achieve a 1. SILENT KNOWLEDGE comprehensive and holistic - Nurses rely on rules, understanding, blending traditions, and authority for theory, evidence, and guidance. They follow experience. They are able directions without to create and apply new questioning or applying knowledge, integrating critical thinking. various perspectives for improved care practices.  LESSON 2: IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF Knowledge development in nursing NURSING science shows interface between nursing science and research OLD SCOPE - Generally prescribed by → purpose is to improve nursing others and highlighted by practice through three factors: traditional, ritualistic tasks with little regard to 1. Ontology - nature of being, rationale. existence, and reality– what nursing is and its role. → IMPORTANCE OF NURSING 2. Epistemology - study of THEORIES: knowledge 3. Methodology - means of acquiring - To clarify the complex intellectual knowledge and interactional domains that distinguished expert nursing NURSING PHILOSOPHY practice from the mere doing of tasks. Statement of foundational and universal - Theory offers structure and assumptions, beliefs, and principals about organization to nursing knowledge the nature of knowledge and thought and provides a systematic means (epistemology) and the nature of the of collecting data to describe, entities represented in the metaparadigm. explain, and predict nursing practice. - Refers to the belief system or worldwide view of the profession FAWCETT (1992) and provides perspective for - Explained the importance practice, scholarship and research of theories - No single dominant theory - Identify certain standards for NURSING SCIENCE nursing practice - Identify settings in which nursing → SUBSTANTIVE DISCIPLINE: specific practice should occur and the knowledge on the human-universe-health characteristics of what the model’s process articulated in the nursing author considers recipient of fundamentals and theories nursing care - Identify distinctive nursing process → DISCIPLINE-SPECIFIC and technologies to be used KNOWLEDGE: nurses recognize the - Direct the delivery of nursing relationship of human responses in health services. and illness and address biological, behavioral, social, and cultural domains. Goal: represent the nature of nursing–  - Understand, explain and use it for the benefit of humankind. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND - Nursing science gives rise to the NURSING SCIENCE methodological process used to develop and apple substantive → two dominant forms of scientific inquiry nursing knowledge– nursing sci. Provides the knowledge for all EMPIRICISM aspects in nursing. - objectifies and quantifies experiences, test prepositions, hypothesis in EPISTEMOLOGY controlled experimentation - Ways of knowing - Quantitative methodology → Types of knowledge: PHENOMENOLOGY AND OTHER FORMS OF QUALITATIVE 1. EMPIRICS: observation, resting RESEARCH - Lived experiences and 2. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE: prior meanings of events knowledge from thought alone - Qualitative methods are used when quantitative 3. INTUITIVE KNOWLEDGE: method gives lesser feelings/ hunches information. 4. SOMATIC KNOWLEDGE: knowledge of the body (physical DIFFERENTIATION of nursing as a movement) discipline and nursing as a profession: 5. METAPHYSICAL KNOWLEDGE NURSING AS A DISCIPLINE (spiritual): seeking higher power - Discipline is specific to academe 6. ESTHETICS: beauty, harmony and - Refers to a branch of expression/ art creativity education, a department of learning or a domain of 7. MORAL/ ETHICAL knowledge KNOWLEDGE: what is right and wrong– social and cultural norms → Criteria of nursing discipline: CARPER (1978) a. Theoretical works serve as a body - Four fundamental patterns of knowledge for nursing to be a for nursing knowledge: discipline b. Knowledge and metaparadigms, 1. EMPIRICS - science of nursing namely: person, health and 2. ESTHETICS - art of nursing environment. 3. PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE - c. Nursing knowledge is taught to subjective based on maturity, those who enter the profession encounter, etc. d. Knowing the paradigms prepares 4. ETHICS: moral knowledge the nursing student for membership in the particular  scientific community with which - Established the meaning of they will later practice a concept e. By styling them and by practicing with them, the members of their b. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION corresponding community learn - provide measurements of a their trade: roles, responsibilities concept and scope of practice. RELATIONSHIP STATEMENTS: NURSING AS A PROFESSION a. THEORETICAL STATEMENTS - Relate concepts to one Profession: refers to a specialized field of another and permit analysis practice founded on the theoretical structure of the science or knowledge of b. OPERATIONAL STATEMENT that discipline and accompanies practice - Relate concepts to abilities. measurements Profession is an occupation that requires LINKAGES AND ORDERING extensive education or a calling that requires special knowledge, skills and a. LINKAGES OF THEORETICAL preparation. STATEMENTS: provides rationale of why theoretical statements are → CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION: linked 1. Well defined, well organized body b. LINKAGES OF OPERATIONAL of specialized knowledge STATEMENTS: provides rationale 2. Service orientation for how measurement variables 3. Ongoing research are linked and allows stability 4. Code of ethics: for nursing RA. 9173– nursing law of 2002 5. Professional organization CLASSIFICATION OF THEORIES IN NURSING: 2 methods PERSONAL IDENTITY 1. Scope of theory- range of Sense of oneself that is influenced by abstractness characteristics, norms, values, of the 2. Type or purpose of theory nursing discipline, resulting in individual thinking, acting, and feeling like a nurse. METATHEORY - Focuses on broad issues → THEORY COMPONENTS: like processing of generating knowledge and CONCEPTS theory development - Classify the phenomena of interest GRAND THEORIES - Abstract or concrete - Most complex and braces in scope a. THEORETICAL DEFINITION - Considers as non-specific, relativel;y abstract concepts  - Lacks operational - Prescribe activities definitions, propositions are necessary to reach a abstract and cannot be defined goal tested. NURSING METAPARADIGMS MIDDLE RANGE THEORIES - Most abstract and general - Substantively specific and component of the structural encompass a limited hierarchy of nursing number of concepts knowledge - Concrete concepts are - Purpose: summarize operationally defined intellectual and social - Propositions are concrete missions and can be tested → REQUIREMENTS PRACTICE THEORIES - Situation-specific theories, - Identify a domain that is distinctive also known as perspective from the domains of other theories or micro-theories disciplines - More specific than middle - Encompass all phenomena and no range theories redundancies - Produce specific directions - Must be perspective neutral for practice - Must be global in scope and substance → TYPES OR PURPOSE OF THEORY: 4 → 4 METAPARADIGMS IN NURSING DESCRIPTIVE (factor isolating) - Serving as organizing around - Describe, observer name which conceptual development concepts, properties and proceeded diverging of a theory - Consensus with the discipline FACTOR RELATING THEORY PERSON - factors/concepts relate to - Physical, intellectual, each other showing biochemical and interrelationship psychosocial needs - Recipient of nursing care PREDICTIVE/ - Open system and an SITUATION-RELATION THEORY integrated whole - Future outcomes, conditions under which HEALTH concepts are related and - Ability to function stated. independently - Unity of mind, body and PRESCRIPTIVE/ SITUATION soul PRODUCING THEORY - Deals with consequences ENVIRONMENT of interventions - External elements that affect the person  NURSING - Science, art, practice, discipline that involves caring - Goals: caring, assisting with self care activities, attain human potential → SCOPE OF NURSING PRACTICE - Agreed upon by almost every theorist. 1. Promoting health and wellness 2. Preventing illness 3. Restore health 4. Caring for the dying