History and Models of Abnormal Psychology PDF

History and Models in Abnormal Psychology RYAN J. MAREK, PH.D. S AM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present What is Abnormal Psychology? Abnormal psychology ◦ Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns...

History and Models in Abnormal Psychology RYAN J. MAREK, PH.D. S AM HOUSTON STATE UNIVERSITY Abnormal Psychology: Past and Present What is Abnormal Psychology? Abnormal psychology ◦ Scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning In a Word When did these and similar words (including slang terms) make their debut in print as expressions of psychological dysfunction? Definition of Abnormal Behavior o Behavior that is inconsistent with the individual’s developmental, cultural, and societal norms and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning o The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) includes: o Symptoms, clinical presentation, etiology, developmental stage, and functional impairment The Four D’s o Deviance – Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that deviate from social norms, and are seen as unusual or inappropriate o Distress – Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that cause distress to oneself or others o Dysfunction – Behavior, thoughts, or emotions interfere with daily functioning o Danger – Behavior, thoughts, or emotions that may be dangerous to oneself or others How Are People with Severe Disturbances Cared For? New psychotropic medications discovered in 1950s ◦ Antipsychotic drugs ◦ Antidepressant drugs ◦ Antianxiety drugs Led to deinstitutionalization The Impact of Deinstitutionalization and rise in outpatient care How Are People with Severe Disturbances Treated? Before 1950 ◦ Almost all outpatient care took the form of private psychotherapy Today ◦ Outpatient care is the primary mode of treatment; more insurance coverage ◦ Prevention programs are increasing; positive psychology has grown ◦ Programs dealing with certain kinds of psychological problems have been created Multicultural Psychology A newer area of study that emerged in response to the growing diversity of the United States Multicultural psychologists seek to understand how culture, race, ethnicity, gender, and similar factors affect behavior and thought and how people of different cultures, races, and genders may differ psychologically Models of Abnormality Models of Abnormal Psychology Models of Abnormal Psychology o Psychoanalytic o Biological o Behavioral o Cognitive o Humanistic o Socio-cultural o Biopsychosocial Psychoanalytic Model Modern Psychoanalytic o Rooted in Sigmund Freud’s theories o Though modern theories have moved away from his ideas about sexual motivations o Unconscious + early childhood = personality o Object relations theory: attachment with others Behavioral Model J. Wolpe (1950s) – systematic desensitization B. F. Skinner (1950s) – operant conditioning Reinforcement (positive or negative) Punishment (positive or negative) Albert Bandura (1960’s) - vicarious conditioning Learning by observing a person’s behavior (e.g., aggression in an abusive home) How might this apply to the development and treatment of disorders? Cognitive Model o Abnormal behavior is a result of distorted cognitions o Not the situation, our interpretation of the situation  emotions and behaviors o Aaron Beck – originator of cognitive therapy o Cognitive distortions: negative view of self, the world, and the future o Change through “behavioral experiments” Cognitive-Behavioral Triad Humanistic Model o People are good and motivated to self- actualize o Carl Rogers – psychopathology due to psychological incongruence (discrepancy between real and ideal self) o Client-centered therapy - unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathetic understanding Sociocultural Models o Abnormal behavior understood within the context of social and cultural factors (gender, SES, ethnicity) o Gender o Women ↑ “internalizing disorders” o Men ↑ externalizing disorders o SES o PTSD higher in low SES children after hurricane o Culture o Culture-bound syndromes o Suicide rates in foreign and domestic born Latino youth Biological Models o Abnormal behavior  biological processes of the body (brain, genes, etc) o The Brain o Structure o Structural changes may cause some disorders (ALZ) o Structural changes may result from some disorders (MDD) - Biological scarring o Function o FMRI and PET used to examine differences in the way the brain responds to different stimuli for people with psychological disorders vs. those without o Behavioral genetics – explores the role of genes and environment in the transmission of behavioral traits Biopsychosocial Model o No single model can fully explain the abnormal behavior o Diathesis-stress model