Models Of Abnormality PDF

\ Models of Abnormality (Part 2!) Overview Investigating the Remaining Models of Abnormality Humanistic Existential Model Sociocultural Model Developmental Psychopathology Perspectives Upcoming Assignments Biological Beginnings | Opium, Cocaine, & Morphine for Children Early trea...

\ Models of Abnormality (Part 2!) Overview Investigating the Remaining Models of Abnormality Humanistic Existential Model Sociocultural Model Developmental Psychopathology Perspectives Upcoming Assignments Biological Beginnings | Opium, Cocaine, & Morphine for Children Early treatments for pain relief included piercings with a “vigorous” twig, alcohol and medicines laced with opium. Drug Ads from the Past | Medical Treatments for Chronic Pain Humanistic-Existential Model The Humanistic-Existential Model (part 1) Humanist view Existentialist view ○ Emphasis on people as ○ Emphasis on accurate friendly, cooperative, and self-awareness and constructive meaningful life (authentic) ○ Focus on drive to ○ Total freedom from birth can result in negative or positive self-actualize through behaviors/outcomes honest recognition of ○ Psychological dysfunction is strengths and weaknesses caused by self-deception The Humanistic-Existential Model Rogers’ humanistic theory and therapy ○ Basic human need for unconditional positive regard If received → unconditional self-regard If not → conditions of worth ○ Rogers' client-centered therapy Therapist creates a supportive climate Unconditional positive regard Accurate empathy Genuineness ○ Little research support in the past, larger body of research today (student-centered, learner-centered, people-centered, etc) ○ Positive impact on clinical practice ○ Carl Rogers on Person-Centered Therapy The Humanistic-Existential Model (part 3) Gestalt theory and therapy (Federick (Fritz Perls; 1950s) ○ Goal is to guide clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance ○ Key differences from client-centered therapy Skillful frustration Role playing Encourages staying in the “here and now” Pushes clients to embrace their real emotions Gestalt Therapy ○ Limited controlled research due to the belief that subjective experiences and self-awareness cannot be measured objectively (Yontef & Jacobs, 2019). Approximately 1% of clinical psychologist and other kinds of clinicians describe themselves as gestalt therapists (Prochaska & Norcross, 2018). The Humanistic-Existential Model (part 4) Spiritual views and interventions ○ Historical alienation between the clinical field and religion seems to be lessening. ○ Researchers suggest spirituality can correlate with psychological health. Religion-adapted cognitive behavioral therapy (RCBT) ○ Many clinicians now encourage use of spiritual resources to cope with stressors. Spiritual Views, Interventions & Definitions Growing Recognition of Culturally Definitions: Effective Interventions: Spirituality: Personal search for Need for evidence-based, humanized, existential meaning, the sacred, and the and individual-focused interventions transcendent. (Kirmayer & Ban, 2013). Religiosity: Organized systems of Emphasis on addressing religiosity and beliefs, practices, and rituals aimed at spirituality in clinical practice and connecting individuals to the sacred or psychotherapy (Moreira-Almeida et al., transcendent (Moreira-Almeida & 2014, 2016). Koenig, 2006). Religion-Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Religion-Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (R-CBT): Adapts secular CBT protocols using patients' religious content for greater sensitivity and client-centered care. Evidence suggests R-CBT is as effective or more effective than standard CBT protocols (Lim et al., 2014; Anderson et al., 2015). Effectiveness is independent of the therapist's religiosity; non-religious therapists using spiritually adapted protocols showed greater effectiveness in some studies (Propst et al., 1992). Ex. R-CBT, Duke University, Center for Spirituality, Theology, & Health Religion and Psychotherapy Religious beliefs and practices provide meaning, coping resources, and resilience (Pargament, 2011; Zimpel et al., 2015). Religion can also contribute to conflict or mental health problems (Johnson et al., 2007). Integrating religiosity in psychotherapy improves therapeutic relationships, treatment adherence, and resilience (Martins & Moreira-Almeida, 2018). Client Preferences: Many clients want clinicians to address religious issues in psychiatry (Baetz et al., 2004) and psychotherapy (Post & Wade, 2009). The World Psychiatry Association recommends careful consideration of clients' religious beliefs, regardless of the clinician's personal beliefs (Moreira-Almeida et al., 2016). Evidence Supporting Religion-Adapted Psychotherapy Client Preferences: Many clients want clinicians to address religious issues in psychiatry (Baetz et al., 2004) and psychotherapy (Post & Wade, 2009). The World Psychiatry Association recommends careful consideration of clients' religious beliefs, regardless of the clinician's personal beliefs (Moreira-Almeida et al., 2016). Evidence Supporting Religion-Adapted Psychotherapy: Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials confirm R-CBT is at least as effective as conventional psychotherapy for mental disorders (Anderson et al., 2015; Gonçalves et al., 2015; Hook et al., 2010; Lim et al., 2014; Post & Wade, 2009; Worthington et al., 2011). CBT is the most frequently studied form of religion-adapted psychotherapy with robust efficacy (Pearce, 2016). Challenges in Practice Difficulty in identifying specific religious adaptations made to CBT protocols. Essential for clinicians and researchers to understand these adaptations to improve care and study efficacy. The Humanistic-Existential Model (part 5) Existential theories and therapy ○ Psychological abnormality Arises when client uses self-deception to hide from responsibilities Clients feel overwhelmed by societal forces; quitting becomes habitual. ○ Existential therapy (This is a 48 minute, live psychotherapy demonstration) Clients are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and problems. Relationship between therapist and client includes shared learning and growth. The Humanistic-Existential Perspective of Joy Robbins (2021) explains a more current perspective that emphasizes joy can be analyzed as, “an emotion, a mood, a trait or spiritual fruit (Johnson, 2020). Seligman’s Positive Psychology also focuses on the more positive benefits of health and behavior. Often referred to as the “tyranny of positivity” by researchers highlighting the importance of integrating all experiences and not avoiding the negative ones (Robbins, 2021) Positive psychologists must not offer a superficial vision of positive psychology which could influence more negative outcomes for the individual (Robbins, 2021). Assessing the Humanistic-Existential Model Strengths ○ Taps into domains missing from other models ○ Emphasizes the individual ○ Optimistic ○ Emphasizes health Weaknesses ○ Focuses on abstract issues ○ Difficult to research ○ Weakened by disapproval of scientific approach; may be changing Family Social and Multicultural Perspectives The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives (part 1) Abnormal behavior includes social and cultural forces that influence an individual. ○ Address norms and roles in society Includes two major perspectives ○ Family-social perspective ○ Multicultural perspective The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives (part 2) How do family-social theorists explain abnormal functioning? ○ Proponents argue that theorists should concentrate on forces that operate directly on an individual. Social labels and roles; diagnostic labels Social connections and supports Family structure and communication Family systems theory is a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules. Enmeshed versus disengaged structures The Sociocultural Model: Family-Social and Multicultural Perspectives (part 3) Family-social treatments ○ Psychological problems emerge and are best treated in family and social settings ○ Perspective helped spur growth of several treatment approaches Group therapy (support group, self-help group, peer group, mutual-help group) Family therapy (family systems approach) Couple (marital) therapy Community treatment (primary prevention, secondary prevention) Therapy, Now Ready-to-Wear? Modern mobile computing has opened new doors in mental health care. ○ Message-based interventions ○ Mental health apps - (ex. CBT Thought Diary, Dare, Free CBT, etc) ○ VR Therapy Wearable Therapy ○ Continuously monitor key physiological and behavioral problems ○ Example: Just-in-Time-Adaptive Intervention (JITAI); JITAI article; micro-intervention JITAI - Aims to provide the right type/amount of support, at the right time, by adapting to an individuals changing internal and contextual state. How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? (part 1) Multicultural (culturally diverse) perspective ○ All behavior and treatment are best understood in the context of culture, cultural values, and external pressures in that context. ○ Members of cultural minority groups are not inferior or deprived in comparison with a majority population. ○ Increasing interest in understanding persons through the lens of intersectionality. How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? (part 2) Most multicultural research ○ Ethnic and racial minority groups, groups such as economically disadvantaged persons, LGBTQ individuals, and women Prejudice and discrimination may impact abnormal functioning. Group membership may overlap. How Do Multicultural Theorists Explain Abnormal Functioning? (part 3) Treatment ○ Members of ethnic and racial minority groups Tend to show less improvement in clinical treatment Make less use of mental health services Stop therapy sooner than members of majority groups Therapist effectiveness enhanced ○ Greater sensitivity to cultural issues ○ Inclusion of cultural moral and models ○ Culture-sensitive therapies, gender-sensitive therapies Assessing the Sociocultural Models Strengths ○ Added to clinical understanding and treatment of abnormality ○ Increased awareness of clinical and social roles ○ Have been clinically successful when other treatments have failed Weaknesses ○ Research is difficult to interpret. ○ Models are unable to predict abnormality in specific individuals. Integrating the Models: The Developmental Psychopathology Perspective Many theorists suggests abnormal behavioral theories should include multiple causes at a time. ○ Developmental psychopathology perspective Uses an integrative framework to understand how variables and principles from the various models may collectively account for adaptive and maladaptive human functioning. ○ Central perspective principles Equifinality and multifinality Overview of Today’s Leading Models Models vary widely, with none proving consistently superior. Each model provides valuable insights into human functioning. Clinicians often adopt integrative explanations, such as biopsychosocial theories, which consider genetic, biological, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences. Comparing the Models Cause of Dysfunction: ○ Biological: Biological malfunction. ○ Psychodynamic: Underlying conflicts. ○ Cognitive-Behavioral: Maladaptive thinking and learning. ○ Humanistic: Self-deceit. ○ Existential: Avoidance of responsibility. ○ Family-Social: Family or social stress. ○ Multicultural: External pressures or cultural conflicts. Research Support Strong for Biological and Cognitive-Behavioral models; Moderate for Family-Social and Multicultural models; Weak for Humanistic and Existential models. Consumer Designation: Ranges from "Patient" to "Client," depending on the model. Integration of Models Many clinicians adopt combination treatments. 22% of clinical psychologists, 31% of counseling psychologists, and 26% of social workers identify as eclectic or integrative. Combined approaches are often more effective than single-model therapies. Developmental Psychopathology Perspective: Explains human functioning (adaptive and maladaptive) through the integration of variables and principles from multiple models. Emphasizes timing of influential variables, such as events, experiences, or biological factors. Focuses on how multiple factors interact within specific contexts and timeframes. Key Principles Equifinality: Different developmental routes can lead to the same disorder. ○ Example: Two boys develop conduct disorder through different combinations of genetic, environmental, and social factors. Multifinality: Similar developmental variables can result in different outcomes. ○ Example: Two boys with similar negative backgrounds (e.g., poverty, trauma) have contrasting teenage outcomes due to differences like effective parenting (protective factor).  Copyright © 2021 by Macmillan Learning. All rights reserved Equifinality in Action Equifinality is on display in this illustration. Two boys who experience different negative variables throughout their development each wind up manifesting the same problem — conduct disorder — as teenagers. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY Ronald J. Comer | Jonathan S. Comer | Eleventh Edition Multifinality The principle that persons with similar developmental histories may nevertheless have different clinical outcomes or react to comparable current situations in different ways. Implications of Developmental Psychopathology Prioritizes prevention, protective factors, and early intervention over treatment of severe disorders. Advocates for community-wide interventions targeting societal factors like poverty and social inequalities. Integrative Perspective in Practice: Increasing emphasis on timing of treatment over specific techniques. Focuses on combining explanations and treatments across models to enhance outcomes. Future Directions: Further integration of models for a comprehensive understanding of disorders. Continued focus on prevention and early intervention informed by developmental psychopathology. Which model(s) have been helpful to you as you research your “Subject Selection” (Eating Disorders, PTSD, Antisocial Personality Disorder, etc)  The Interesting Manual DQ Review the Introduction of the DSM-5-TR: This History of previous DSMs The DSM-5-TR Revision Process Trials, Review, & Approvals Changes to the Structure of the Manual Harmonization With ICD 1 Key Conceptual Frameworks and Approaches (definition of a mental disorder, categorizations and dimensional approaches to Diagnosis. How To Use The Manual Answer the following questions: What was most surprising or interesting to you about the manual? What do you think is the most significant challenge the DSM-5-TR faces in accurately diagnosing mental disorders? How might future editions address this? Models of Abnormality Matrix due Sunday What’s Next? The Interesting Manual DQ is due tonight, January 16, 2025 by 11:59 PM Your PSY-470 Subject Selection is due this by 11:59 PM The Models of Abnormality Matrix is also due this Sunday, by 11:59 PM Next week: Topic 2: Anxiety, Stress, And Related Disorders