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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the focus of abnormal psychology?
Which of the following best describes the focus of abnormal psychology?
According to the provided information, what is the key consideration when defining abnormal behavior?
According to the provided information, what is the key consideration when defining abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Four D's' used to describe abnormal behavior?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Four D's' used to describe abnormal behavior?
The introduction of which class of medications significantly contributed to the deinstitutionalization movement?
The introduction of which class of medications significantly contributed to the deinstitutionalization movement?
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According to the DSM-5, which aspects are included in the determination of a mental disorder?
According to the DSM-5, which aspects are included in the determination of a mental disorder?
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According to the cognitive model, what is the primary cause of abnormal behavior?
According to the cognitive model, what is the primary cause of abnormal behavior?
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Which therapeutic approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathetic understanding?
Which therapeutic approach emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathetic understanding?
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What does the concept of "biological scarring" refer to in the context of mental disorders?
What does the concept of "biological scarring" refer to in the context of mental disorders?
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Which of the following is an example of how sociocultural factors can influence abnormal behavior, as described in the content?
Which of the following is an example of how sociocultural factors can influence abnormal behavior, as described in the content?
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Which model suggests no singular perspective fully encompasses the complexity of abnormal human behavior?
Which model suggests no singular perspective fully encompasses the complexity of abnormal human behavior?
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Which factor most significantly contributed to outpatient care becoming the primary mode of treatment for psychological disorders after 1950?
Which factor most significantly contributed to outpatient care becoming the primary mode of treatment for psychological disorders after 1950?
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A therapist employing object relations theory would be most interested in which aspect of a client's life?
A therapist employing object relations theory would be most interested in which aspect of a client's life?
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Which learning mechanism, described by Albert Bandura, plays a significant role in understanding the development of disorders in individuals who have witnessed abuse?
Which learning mechanism, described by Albert Bandura, plays a significant role in understanding the development of disorders in individuals who have witnessed abuse?
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What distinguishes multicultural psychology from other areas of psychological study?
What distinguishes multicultural psychology from other areas of psychological study?
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Which model of abnormality considers the combined influence of biological factors, psychological processes, and social-cultural contexts on the development of mental disorders?
Which model of abnormality considers the combined influence of biological factors, psychological processes, and social-cultural contexts on the development of mental disorders?
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Flashcards
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Scientific study of abnormal behavior to describe, predict, and change it.
Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal Behavior
Inconsistent behavior with norms causing distress or dysfunction.
The Four D’s
The Four D’s
Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger—criteria for abnormal behavior.
Deviance
Deviance
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Deinstitutionalization
Deinstitutionalization
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Outpatient Care
Outpatient Care
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Multicultural Psychology
Multicultural Psychology
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Psychoanalytic Model
Psychoanalytic Model
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Behavioral Model
Behavioral Model
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Vicarious Conditioning
Vicarious Conditioning
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Cognitive Model
Cognitive Model
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Cognitive Distortions
Cognitive Distortions
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Humanistic Model
Humanistic Model
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Client-Centered Therapy
Client-Centered Therapy
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Biopsychosocial Model
Biopsychosocial Model
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Study Notes
Abnormal Psychology: History and Models
- Abnormal psychology is the scientific study of abnormal behavior, aiming to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning.
- The four D's are used to help define abnormal behavior: Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, and Danger.
- Deviance from social norms, unusual or inappropriate behavior.
- Distress causing emotional discomfort to oneself or others.
- Dysfunction interfering with daily functioning.
- Danger potentially harmful behavior to oneself or others.
- The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) is a widely used system for classifying mental disorders.
- The DSM-5 includes symptoms, clinical presentation, etiology, developmental stage, and functional impairment.
Models of Abnormality
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Various models attempt to explain abnormal behavior, each with strengths and limitations.
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Psychoanalytic model: Rooted in Sigmund Freud's theories. Links unconscious processes and early childhood experiences to personality development, though modern theories generally move away from focusing solely on sexual motivations. Object relations theory emphasizes the importance of early attachments.
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Biological model: Emphasizes biological processes, (brain, genes), as contributors to abnormal behavior.
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Brain Structure: Structural changes can cause some disorders (Alzheimer's Disease) or result from some disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) – Biological scarring, FMRI and PET scans explore brain function differences in people with disorders and those without.
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Behavioral model: Learned behaviors explain abnormal behavior, using concepts like classical and operant conditioning, including systematic desensitization, reinforcement (positive/negative), punishment (positive/negative) and vicarious conditioning.
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Cognitive model: Distorted cognitions (thoughts, interpretations) may contribute to abnormal behavior. Aaron Beck developed cognitive therapy approaches, emphasizing changing negative thought patterns and cognitive distortions, such as: all-or-nothing thinking, overgeneralization, mental filtering, disqualifying the positive, jumping to conclusions, magnifying or minimizing. Cognition, emotions, and behavior interact.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Triad: Interconnected relationship between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
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Humanistic model: Focuses on self-actualization and personal growth. Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy emphasizes unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathetic understanding. Emphasizes psychological incongruence (discrepancy between real and ideal self). Hierarchy of needs (physiological, safety, belonging/love, esteem, self-actualization).
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Sociocultural model: Considers social and cultural factors (gender, socioeconomic status (SES), ethnicity) in understanding abnormal behavior. It notes how gender and SES correlate with internalizing and externalizing disorders.
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Biopsychosocial model: Recognizes that multiple factors contribute to abnormal behavior: biological, psychological, and social. A diathesis-stress model explains how predisposition interacts with environmental stressors to lead to mental illness.
History of Abnormal Psychology
- Throughout history, explanations for abnormal behavior have varied widely.
- Terms for psychological dysfunction evolved over time, reflecting society's changing understanding of mental illness from words like "madness" to terms like "insanity."
- History of treatment also shows progress from methods like institutionalization towards new psychotropic medications in the 1950s. That led to deinstitutionalization.
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Description
Explore the foundational concepts of abnormal psychology, including the definitions provided by the four D's: deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Learn about the DSM-5 classification and various models of understanding abnormal behavior. Dive deep into the historical context and contemporary approaches to mental disorders.
