Physiology Laboratory Safety and Procedures PDF

PA GE 1 Laboratory safety rules and procedures. https://edu.umch.de General presentation of the www.umfst.ro...

PA GE 1 Laboratory safety rules and procedures. https://edu.umch.de General presentation of the www.umfst.ro physiology department. Lecturer Dr. Florina Gliga 2024 Introduction to Physiology. Assist. Dr. Horațiu Sabău Assist. Dr. Andreea Tinca Introduction to Physiology PAGE 2 What is physiology? Physis= origin/nature Logia = study The study of function of the body and its mechanisms: regulations communications Introduction to Physiology PAGE 3 What is physiology? Physiology is the dynamic study of life. Physiology describes the “vital” functions of living organisms and their organs, cells, and molecules. Although physiology is not primarily concerned with structure—as is the case for anatomy, histology, and structural biology—structure and function are inextricably linked because the living structures perform the functions. The physiology try to respond to the question: “How are the separate organs and systems coordinated to maintain proper function of the entire body?” Introduction to Physiology PAGE 4 What is physiology? Medical physiology deals with how the human body functions, which depends on how the individual organ systems function, which depends on how the component cells function, which in turn depends on the interactions among subcellular organelles and countless molecules. Thus, medical physiology takes a global view of the human body; but in doing so, it requires an integrated understanding of events at the level of molecules, cells, and organs. It integrates the individual functions of all the body’s different cells, tissues, and organs into a functional whole - the human body. Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology, Blaustein, Mordecai P., MD; Kao, Joseph P.Y., PhD; Matteson, Donald R., PhD. © 2020. Introduction to Physiology PAGE 5 In humans and other vertebrate animals, the specialized cell groups include: a gastrointestinal system to digest and absorb food; a respiratory system to take up O2 and eliminate CO2; a urinary system to remove wastes; a cardiovascular system to distribute nutrients, O2, and the products of metabolism; a reproductive system to perpetuate the species; a nervous and endocrine systems to coordinate and integrate the functions of the other systems. In this department, general concepts and biophysical and biochemical principles that are basic to the function of all the systems will be presented. Introduction to Physiology PAGE 6 The use of laboratory or “practical” classes has long been considered a cornerstone of science education, although the aims and purpose of classes may differ: the development of many of the scientific skills graduates possess - scientific content knowledge, communication and writing skills, and team work skills. the development of students’ perceptions and understanding of the nature of science. Students in professional medical and health programs also benefit from laboratory classes, as these support students’ understanding of physiology and provide opportunities for them to develop scientific and clinical skills. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 7 Access to the laboratory is restricted to persons with an understanding of the safety practices employed in the laboratory. Students enrolled in laboratory practice must follow specific safety rules and procedures. Students are not permitted to work without a staff member being present in the laboratory. Do not touch or use equipment that you are not from the PowerPoint Presentation familiar with, instead always ask for help from the demonstrator. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 8 A white laboratory coat with the UMCH logo and long sleeves should always be worn when one of the laboratories in the UMCH is entered for educational purposes, protecting the private clothing against any contamination or damage. The lanyards with the UMCH access card, which are also valid as student ID cards, should be worn visibly. For safety reasons, the employees of the UMCH are always authorized to check the ID cards on the campus and, if from the PowerPoint Presentation necessary, to read them electronically. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 9 Cover any open cuts on hands and other exposed skin surfaces and/or wear gloves. Hands must be washed before the start of the laboratory practice as well as before leaving the laboratory. Use the antiseptic solution as well. Keep your workplace clean and leave it in an orderly state. Work areas/surfaces must be disinfected before and after from the PowerPoint Presentation use. Dispose waste in their proper containers. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 10 No food or drinks are permitted in the laboratory at any time. Smoking is strictly prohibited. All unnecessary books, purses, briefcases, coats, must be kept on the coat-rack. from the PowerPoint Presentation from the PowerPoint Presentation Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 11 Report any broken equipment: immediately report any broken glass, especially those that might contain hazardous or infectious materials. Blood used during laboratory practice was checked for infectious agents. Nevertheless, always use gloves and safety equipment when working with patients' or your colleagues' blood. If blood is dripped on the working surface, always clean it immediately with antiseptic solution. from the PowerPoint Presentation Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 12 How to Remove Gloves https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ pdf/poster-how-to-remove- gloves.pdf Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 13 How to Remove Gloves https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/ poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 14 Always keep hands and all objects away from your face, nose, eyes, ears, and mouth. Never drink any of the solutions found in the laboratory. Some of the chemicals and solutions used (alcohol, xylene, methanol etc) are flammable. Do not use them around open flame sources. For safety reasons never block exit ways. Do not operate any of the electrical equipment unless you are told so. from the PowerPoint Presentation Never touch wires or electric equipment with wet hands. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 15 If you are injured in the laboratory, immediately contact your demonstrator. Any chemical or biological fluid spills must be immediately reported to your demonstrator. Do not remove any materials from the laboratory. from the PowerPoint Presentation Any student that has a medical condition that they feel might be compromised by exposure to reagents from the laboratory is encouraged to discuss the matter with the demonstrator. Laboratory safety rules and procedures PAGE 16 In the unlikely case of a fire leave the room and the building immediately by the nearest exit. Do not delay to collect your belongings. Follow the demonstrator, the course leader and/or fire marshals. Move well away (100 meters) from the exits once outside. Do not stand in the road/street. Do not re-enter the building unless told it is safe to do so. If you discover a fire operate the nearest fire alarm. Do not try from the PowerPoint Presentation to fight a fire unless you have been trained to use fire extinguishers. Leave the building by the nearest exit. Microscopy PAGE 17 Cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, so the primary tool used to study them is the microscope. It produces enlarged images of cells and enhances contrast for resolving details. Of several kinds of microscopes, two major ones are light (or brightfield) and electron microscopes. RBC in brightfield microscope RBC in electron microscope Microscopy PAGE 18 Gastrointestinal tract - Wheater's Functional Histology Young, Barbara, BSc Med Sci (Hons), PhD, MB BChir, MRCP, FRCPA; O'Dowd, Geraldine, BSc (Hons), MBChB (Hons), FRCPath; Woodford, Phillip, MB BS, FRCPA; Wheater's Functional Histology, 14, 251-275. d. COLON MUCOSA. Mills, S.E.. (2012). Histology for Pathologists: Fourth Edition. Microscopy PAGE 19 Mills, S.E.. (2012). Histology for Pathologists: Fourth Edition. Microscopy PAGE 20 Mills, S.E.. (2012). Histology for Pathologists: Fourth Edition. Microscopy PAGE 21 Mills, S.E.. (2012). Histology for Pathologists: Fourth Edition. Microscopy PAGE 22 Mills, S.E.. (2012). Histology for Pathologists: Fourth Edition. Microscopy PAGE 23 Histology of the thyroid gland at low (upper panel) and high (lower panel) magnification. C, colloid; F, thyroid follicles; S, connective tissue septa Berne and Levy Physiology Koeppen, Bruce M., MD, PhD; Stanton, Bruce A., PhD. Published January 1, 2018. Pages 753-765.© 2018. (From Young B et al. Wheater's Functional Histology. 5th ed. Philadelphia. Microscopy PAGE 24 In Physiology PA we will use the light (or brightfield) microscope. Microscopy PAGE 25 Binocular Microscope Adjustment Procedure With Kohler Illumination 1. Connect the light microscope to a power source. Turn on the light source. 2. Select the objective. Turn the revolving nosepiece so the lowest objective lens is in position. A Wright-stained peripheral blood film focuses under 10x and 40x Keohane, Elaine M., Catherine N. Otto, and Jeanine M. but does not come into focus under the 100x oil. Immersion oil is Walenga. Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019. required to increase the refractive index when the 100x oil immersion objective lens is used. Microscopy PAGE 26 3. Place a specimen slide on the mechanical stage. Be sure the slide is seated firmly in the slide holder. Position the specimen on the slide directly beneath the objective using the mechanical stage adjustment knobs. https://www.amscope.com/compound-microscopes/brightfield/40x-2500x-led- lab-binocular-compound-microscope-with-3d- stage.html#product_tabs_description_tabbed Microscopy PAGE 27 The large wheel for coarse focus 4. Adjusting the interpupillary distance. Looking through the eyepieces with both eyes, adjust the interpupillary distance until perfect binocular vision is obtained (i.e., left and right images are fused together). The smaller wheel for fine focus Using coarse and fine adjustment knobs, bring the specimen into focus. https://www.amscope.com/compound- microscopes/brightfield/40x-2500x-led-lab- binocular-compound-microscope-with-3d- stage.html#product_tabs_description_tabbed Microscopy PAGE 28 Be attentive to not break the slide! MICROBIOLOGY CURRICULUM: BASIC MICROSCOPY, CDC Microscopy PAGE 29 5. Adjusting the illumination brightness. Adjust the condenser for the maximum amount of light. For the low power objectives put, you may have to decrease the illumination. Whereas when using oil immersion increased light and a raised condenser improve the visibility of small structures. Use the diaphragm under the stage to adjust. Keohane, Elaine M., Catherine N. Otto, and Jeanine M. Walenga. Rodak's Hematology-E-Book: Clinical Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019. Microscopy PAGE 30 6. Examination of the specimen. After you're done viewing with the lowest power objective (10x), switch to the medium power objective (40x) and re-adjust the focus with the fine adjustment knob. Proceed to the high power objective (100x) once you have it focused. Keohane, Elaine M., Catherine N. Otto, and Jeanine M. Walenga. Rodak's Hematology-E-Book: Clinical Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2019. Microscopy PAGE 31 Microscope cleaning and maintenance Always turn the illuminator off after you use it. Use a non-solvent cleaning solution to avoid damaging the lenses. Use a microfiber cloth when wiping off dust and dirt from lenses. When the microscope is not in use, cover it with a dust jacket. While using the microscope, do not rush through the viewing process. Be careful when handling the knobs, and avoid turning the nosepiece unnecessarily, as they can wear out. Always wipe and clean the lenses of your microscope before putting it away. Use the appropriate tissue paper and cleaning solution for this purpose. Carefully handle the glass of the smear! In the process of smear preparations, any type of microorganisms it was destroyed.  Department rules and organization PAGE 32 Evaluation of PA- At the end of the semester: - The practical exam will be scheduled in pre-session, in the last week of the module and will include a test with 25 questions with 4 possible variants: 10 with 1 correct answer, 15 with 2 correct answer, respectively. - The percentage of the final grade is 30%. Attendance at the practical activities (PA) is mandatory 50%. 20% unmotivated absences are allowed.  Department rules and organization PAGE 33 Evaluation of Lecture- In Session: - The lecture exam will be scheduled in session and will include a multiple-choice test with 4 possible variants. - The percentage of the final grade is 70%. For each, the practical exam and final theoretical test the passing grade is set to 5.00; students who receive a grade lower than 5.00 are obliged to repeat the test. Syllabus- PA PAGE 34 1.Laboratory safety rules and procedures. General presentation of the physiology department. Introduction to Physiology. 2. Diffusion, osmosis - laboratory applications. 3. Osmotic resistance. Plasma composition. 4. Acid base balance, pH homeostasis. from the PowerPoint Presentation Syllabus- PA PAGE 35 5. Investigation of the erythrocyte series. 6. Investigation of the leukocyte series. 7. Exploration of the nonspecific immunity. 8. Exploration of the acquired immunity. from the PowerPoint Presentation 9. Investigation of hemostasis. Platelet count. Bleeding time. Global coagulation time. Partial coagulation times. Syllabus- PA PAGE 36 10.Pulmonary function. Respiratory Cycle I. Respiratory rates. Relative depths of breathing, Regulation of ventilation. 11. Pulmonary function. Volumes and capacities. Pulmonary flow rates. 12. Exam. Syllabus- Lecture PAGE 37 1. Introduction to human physiology. Functional organization of the human body. 2. Cell membrane- morpho-functional organization. Transport across cell membranes. 3. The Body Fluid Compartments : Extracellular and Intracellular Fluids. Plasma protein. 4. Acid-Base physiology Syllabus- Lecture PAGE 38 5. Erythrocyte series. 6. Leukocyte series. 7. Immune system 1- inflammation. 8. Immune system 2- adaptive immune response. 9. Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation. Syllabus- Lecture PAGE 39 10. Pulmonary Ventilation. Pulmonary Circulation. Pulmonary Edema, pleural fluid. 11. Principles of Gas Exchange; Diffusion of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Through the Respiratory Membrane. Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Blood and Tissue Fluids. 12. Regulation of Respiration. Respiratory Insufficiency- Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Oxygen Therapy. References PAGE 40 1. Pathophysiology Department rules and organization 2. House regulations: Medical University Neumarkt A.M. Campus Hamburg (UMCH), represented by CPE Europe GmbH (CPE) 3. Hygiene Concept of UMCH represented by CPE Europe GmbH 4. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/pdf/poster-how-to-remove-gloves.pdf 5. All the images are from the PowerPoint Presentation 6. Cellular Physiology and Neurophysiology, Blaustein, Mordecai P., MD; Kao, Joseph P.Y.,PhD; Matteson, Donald R., PhD. © 2020. 7. Netter's Essential Histology, Ovalle, William K., PhD; Nahirney, Patrick C., PhD. © 2021. 8. https://www.amscope.com/compound-microscopes/brightfield/40x-2500x-led-lab-binocular-compound- microscope-with-3d-stage.html#product_tabs_description_tabbed