Pharmacognosy 2 - Week 1 Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the fruit in plants?

To attract pollinators

To facilitate photosynthesis

To absorb water and nutrients

To protect and nourish the seed (correct)

What is the origin of the fruit in a plant?

Created from external environmental factors

Formed from the stem tissues

Derived from a fertilized ovary (correct)

Developed from the leaf structure

Which of the following statements about the pericarp of fruits is correct?

It contains only one visible scar.

It always has three scars on the surface.

It typically shows two scars. (correct)

It is made entirely of seeds.

Which part of the plant does the term 'gynaecium' refer to?

The female reproductive structures Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of fruit anatomy can be identified at both the base and the apical side of the pericarp?

Visible scars Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit is characterized as one-seeded and unilocular with a hard pericarp?

Nut Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following descriptions correctly characterizes indehiscent fruits?

They remain closed even at maturity. Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following fruits would you most likely find a leathery pericarp?

Nut Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of a nut compared to an achene?

Nuts are typically larger than achenes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly distinguishes membranous wings?

They develop from the pericarp. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a false fruit?

It includes contributions from other parts of the flower. Signup and view all the answers

Which description accurately defines a composite fruit?

It originates from a cluster of flowers known as an inflorescence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a simple fruit defined by?

The development from a single carpel or syncarpous ovary. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT true about composite fruits?

They are the result of a single flower developing. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fruit derives from the ovary or a combination of ovaries in one flower?

Simple fruit Signup and view all the answers

What type of fruit structure is characterized by a succulent hollow receptacle containing achene-like bodies?

Syconus Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the fruit pericarp is the outer layer?

Epicarp Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the stylopod in the fruit structure?

It serves as the remains of style, stigma, and nectary discs. Signup and view all the answers

Which fruit structure is NOT correctly matched with its definition?

Syconus - a type of drupe Signup and view all the answers

How are the mericarps attached at the apex of the fruit?

By the carpophore. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions into which the pericarp is divided?

Epicarp, Mesocarp, Endocarp Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about umbelliferous fruits is accurate?

They belong to a family known for their aromatic herbs. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of the carpophore?

It can be simple, split, or forked. Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the fruit is represented by the stylopod?

The apex where the style and stigma remnants are found. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'mericarps' refer to in the context of fruit structure?

The individual sections of a compound fruit. Signup and view all the answers

What type of ovary can give rise to schizocarpic fruits?

Both inferior and superior ovaries Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes schizocarpic fruits?

They split into multiple one-seeded parts. Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of the pericarp in schizocarpic fruits?

It becomes dry. Signup and view all the answers

How many seeds can schizocarpic fruits have at maximum?

Two to many seeds. Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the one-seeded parts of schizocarpic fruits?

Mericarps Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pharmacognosy 2 (PHG 203) - Week 1

Course name: Pharmacognosy 2
Course code: PHG 203
Week number: 1
Instructor: Dr. Heba

Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs)

a1: Understand the fundamental concepts of pharmacognosy, focusing on the morphological, histological, and taxonomic aspects of important plant organs (fruits, herbs, and subterranean parts).
d1: Master the specialized terminology used in discussions of plant-based medicine. Express information precisely with clear details.
d2: Develop the skill to create accurate scientific drawings of the studied plant components.

Definition of Fruit

A fruit is a plant structure that develops from the fertilized ovary (gynoecium) of a flower.
Its primary function is protecting and providing nourishment to the developing seeds.
The pericarp (fruit wall) exhibits two scars: one at the base and another at the apex.

Origin of the Fruit

The fruit forms as a result of fertilization, pollen tube growth, and zygote development.
Diagram illustrating the process of fruit formation from the flower to the seed.

Fruit Classification

Fruits are categorized into True, False, and Composite fruits.
- True fruit: Develops solely from the flower's ovary.
- False fruit: Involves other parts of the flower in its development, in addition to the ovary.
- Composite fruit: Forms from a whole inflorescence rather than a single flower.

Subtypes of Fruits

True fruits can further be divided into Simple, Aggregate, and Multiple fruits.
- Simple fruits: Originated from a single carpel or several fused carpels (syncarpous).
- Aggregate fruits: Develop from multiple separate carpels (apocarpous).
- Multiple fruits: Formed from multiple flowers in an inflorescence.

Dry Dehiscent Fruits

Characteristics: The fruit wall dries out and eventually splits open (dehisces) to release seeds. Different types exist.
- Follicle: A single-carpel fruit dehiscing along the ventral suture.
- Legume: A single-carpel fruit dehiscing along both ventral and dorsal sutures.
- Capsule: A multiple carpel fruit, dehiscing through valves, pores, or a lid.
- Silique: A two-carpel fruit dehiscing along a central partition (septum).

Dry Indehiscent Fruits

Characteristics: Remain closed after ripening, and do not open to release the seeds.
- Achene: A single-seeded fruit with a free pericarp from the seed coat.
- Caryopsis (Grain): A modified achene in which the pericarp is fused with the seed coat.
- Cypsela: A single-seeded fruit with a slightly hardened pericarp, free from the seed, and often arising from an inferior ovary.
- Samara: A winged fruit that aids seed dispersal.
- Nut: A one-seeded fruit with a hardened pericarp.

Schizocarpic Fruits

Characteristics: The fruit splits into several one-seeded segments after ripening.
- Cremocarp: A two-carpelled fruit, splitting longitudinally into two mericarps, with a forked carpophore.

Succulent Fruits

Characteristics: Possess fleshy tissues within the fruit wall.
- Drupe: Epicarp (skin), mesocarp (fleshy pulp), and endocarp (stone).
- Berry: Entire fruit wall is fleshy.
- Pepo: Hard or leathery epicarp (skin).
- Hesperidium: Thin epicarp, pithy mesocarp, and a membranous endocarp, usually with juice sacs (e.g., citrus fruits).

Aggregate Fruits

Fruits formed from multiple separate carpels of one flower, joined to a common receptacle.
Examples: Strawberry (achenes on a fleshy receptacle), and star anise.

False Fruits

Fruits that develop from other parts of the flower or the receptacle in addition to the ovary.
Examples: Apples and pears (the fleshy part arises from the receptacle).

Composite Fruits

Fruits formed by the combination of several individual flowers in an inflorescence.
- Strobile (Cone): Dry, scaly fruit, formed from an inflorescence.
- Sorosis: Multiple fruitlets, fused together.
- Syconus: Hollow receptacle containing numerous fruits (e.g., fig).

Structure of the Fruit

Pericarp: The outer wall of the fruit, consisting of three parts:
- Epicarp: Outermost layer (skin).
- Mesocarp: Middle layer (pulp, if present).
- Endocarp: Innermost layer (stone or membrane surrounding the seed).

General Characteristics of Umbelliferous Fruits

Morphological: True, simple, dry schizocarpic cremocarp that splits into two mericarps. Fruits are derived from an inferior ovary. Characterised by primary ridges.
Histological (Detailed Study): Describes the internal tissue structures (epidermis, mesocarp containing ducts and oils (vittae), vascular bundles, endocarp cells arrangement)

Secretory Tissues in Fruits

The various methods of secretion by specialized tissues in plants, including glands, hairs, ducts, and vessels.

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Description

This quiz focuses on the fundamental concepts of pharmacognosy as introduced in Week 1 of the Pharmacognosy 2 course. Students will explore the morphological, histological, and taxonomic aspects of important plant organs, particularly fruits and their structures. Additionally, it emphasizes the specialized terminology in plant-based medicine.