Classification of Organic Compounds 2023 Lecture PDF

It was believed that organic compounds can only be made through action of “Vital force” that presents in living systems. However, Friedrich Wohler (1828) synthesized organic compound from inorganic compound The Carbon Atom: Bonding and Shape Classes of Organic Compounds Table 1.1 Classes of...

It was believed that organic compounds can only be made through action of “Vital force” that presents in living systems. However, Friedrich Wohler (1828) synthesized organic compound from inorganic compound The Carbon Atom: Bonding and Shape Classes of Organic Compounds Table 1.1 Classes of organic compounds based on Functional Groups X=Cl, Br, I Alkyl group (R) is formed by removing a hydrogen atom from the molecule of alkane. Alkyl halide functional group: X= Cl, Br, I Functional group of Alcohol and Ether Same molecular formula Alcohol function group: Different structural formula Ether Functional group: Functional group of Aldehyde and Ketone Aldehyde functional group: Ketone functional group: Functional group of Carboxylic acid and Ester Carboxylic acid functional group: Ester functional group: Functional group of Amide acid and Amine Amide functional group: Amine functional group: Classifying Organic Compounds: Hydrocarbon Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes Homologous Series in Alkanes Homologous Series in Alkanes general formula for open-chain alkanes CnH2n + 2 n=1 n=2 +CH2 CH4 C2H6 The boiling points shown are all for the "straight chain" isomers where there are more than one. Note that the first four alkanes are gases at room temperature. Solids don't start to appear until about C17H36 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in their formula. CH4 (-161°C) C2H6 (-88°C) C3H8 (-42°C) C4H10 (-0.5°C) The alkanes can exist as gases, liquids, or solids at room temperature. The unbranched alkanes methane, ethane, propane, and butane are gases; pentane through hexadecane are liquids; the homologues larger than hexadecane are solids. Branched alkanes normally exhibit lower boiling points than unbranched alkanes of the same carbon content. This occurs because of the greater van der Waals forces that exist between molecules of the unbranched alkanes. Melting point general increase with molecular mass the trend is not as regular as that for boiling point. Solubility Alkanes are almost completely insoluble in water because of the the van der Waals forces of attraction between alkane molecules and water molecules are weaker than the dipole‐dipole forces that exist between water molecules. IUPAC Names of first Twenty parent Alkanes Skeletal Structures (C) Write the molecular formula and structural formula of the above compounds.