Bot 14 W: Photosynthetic Plant Allies (Algae) PDF

BOT 14 W: Photosynthetic Plant Allies (Algae) June Owen O. Nacorda Lecturer What are algae? Brief definition: The term “algae” describes a loose collection of diverse organisms that are plant-like and are adapted to aquatic and some terrestrial environments. Diverse...

BOT 14 W: Photosynthetic Plant Allies (Algae) June Owen O. Nacorda Lecturer What are algae? Brief definition: The term “algae” describes a loose collection of diverse organisms that are plant-like and are adapted to aquatic and some terrestrial environments. Diverse Organisms Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Chroococcus Chlamydomonas https://www.tierrapost.net/cura-para-la-ceguera- Jason Oyadomari, Michigan Technical University, solo-podria-provenir-de-las-algas/ Houghton, MI USA Diverse Organisms Microscopic - microalgae Macroscopic - macroalgae Chlorella Sargassum http://phytocode.net/phytoglossary/green- https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/earth- micro-algae-chlorella-vulgaris/ systems/blog/sargassum-seaweed-or- brown-algae/  Diverse Organisms Single Cells, Colonies, Filaments and Thalli Chlorococcum Volvox Ulothrix Ulva http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlor ophyta/Chlorococcum/sp_1c.html http://www2.unb.ca/vip/photos.htm (A. http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Chlor http://www.seaweed.ie/algae/ulva.php Nedelcu, Biology Dept., University of New ophyta/Ulothrix/sp_3.html Brunswick)  Diverse Organisms Pigmentation – blue-green, red, brown, and green Caulerpa https://reefs.com/magazine/a-look-at- Gloeocapsa Gracilaria the-macroalgae-caulerpa/ http://www.bioref.lastdragon.org/Cyano http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/R bacteria/Gloeocapsa.html hodophyceae/Macroreds/GRACILARIA /Gracilaria_image_page.htm Macrocystis https://www.naturepl.com/stock-photo- air-filled-bladders-of-giant-kelp- macrocystis-pyrifera--santa-barbara- image01536786.html Diverse Organisms 4 Types of Life cycle Diplontic life cycle https://doubtnut.com/question-answer-biology/give-an-example-of-plants-with- Bettignies et al., 2018 ahaplontic-life-cycle-b-diplontic-lify-cycle-c-halpo-diplontic-life-c-24342641 Diverse Organisms 4 Types of Life cycle Diplohaplontic-biphasic life cycle Diplohaplontic-triphasic life cycle Bettignies et al., 2018 Plant-like Oxygenic photosynthesis using chl a as the main light absorbing pigment Primary producers (base of the food chain in aquatic environments) Plant-like Seaweeds have a holdfast (root-like), stipe (stem-like) and blades (leaf-like). Sargassum Laminaria [Illustration modified from one by Julia S. Child for Schneider and Searles (1991) https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/533676624571392507/ Aquatic Freshwater, Brackish and Seawater Terrestrial Moist soil Rocks and barks in humid environments Distribution mostly cosmopolitan (global) some are exclusively tropical or temperate species What are the most common algal groups? Prokaryotic Algae (K. Eubacteria) Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta or P. Cyanobacteria) Eukaryotic Algae (formerly under K. Protista) Red Algae (K. Plantae - D. Rhodophyta) Green-pigmented Algae – Green Algae (K. Plantae - D. Chlorophyta and Charophyta) – Euglenoids (K. Protozoa - D. Euglenophyta or P. Euglenozoa) Brown-pigmented Algae – Dinoflagellates (K. Chromista - D. Dinophyta) – Diatoms (K. Chromista - D. Bacillariophyta) – Brown Seaweeds (K. Chromista - D. Ochrophyta) How did the different algal groups evolve? Endosymbiotic origins of algae, along with other groups of organisms (Reece et al., 2014).  What are the morpho-cytological characteristics and importance of each algal group? A. Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta or P. Cyanobacteria) Forms: Single cells, aggregates and filaments Major Pigments: Chl a and phycocyanin Stored food: Cyanophycean starch Cell wall composition: Peptidoglycan Habitat: all aquatic environments, soil, rocks, and lichens Evolution of Photosynthesizing Microbes (e.g. Cyanophyta) at around 2.7-1.8 Billion Years Ago (University of Oregon, n.d.). Stromatolites are formed by deposition of cyanobacteria and sediment (left), where fossilized examples (right) are found in Shark Bay, Australia (Government of Western Australia, n.d.)  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) -phytoplankton Chroococcus Trichodesmium http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext /cyano_colonies/CHROOCOCCUS/Chroococcus_I &pid=S2175-78602018000402019 mage_page.html  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) –harmful algal bloom https://eol.org/pages/919299 https://www.ysi.com/ysi-blog/water-blogged-blog/2016/09/harmful-algal- blooms-everything-you-need-to-know Microcystis aeruginosa (with Microcystin - liver toxin)  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) –harmful algal bloom https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-Nodularia-spumigena-arrow- https://utex.org/products/utex-1444?variant=30991204089946 indicates-akinetes-scale-bar-10-m-b-Anabaenopsis_fig2_230593256 Nodularia spumigena Anabaena flos-aquae (with Nodularin - hepatotoxin) (with Anatoxin - neurotoxin)  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) –harmful algal bloom https://www.biozymelabs.tech/post/algae-bloom-what-is-it-and-why-you-should-care  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) – food https://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id209556/ https://www.inaturalist.org/guide_taxa/711578 http://pinakbetrepublic.blogspot.com/201 2/02/tabtababarbaradiobakbakasidodol. html Nostoc commune (Tab-taba in Ilokano)  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) –single cell protein and nutraceuticals https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Healthcare- https://utex.org/products/utex-lb- Product-Spiral-Algae-Organic- 2340?variant=30992067067994 Spirulina_60496967730.html Spirulina platensis  Blue-green Algae (D. Cyanophyta) -biofertilizer http://www.dr-ralf-wagner.de/Bilder/Nostoc-%28Anabaena%29-azollae.jpg Azolla pinnata Anabaena azollae (host - Aquatic Fern) (Symbiont - N fixer) B. Red Algae (D. Rhodophyta) Forms: Single cells,filaments and thalli Major Pigments: Chl a, phycoerythrin Stored food: Floridean starch Cell wall composition: Cellulose, sulfated galactans (carrageenan) and agar Habitat: mostly marine, few freshwater Red Algae (D. Rhodophyta) - food (edible blades) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nori nori https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/rhodophyta.html Porphyra https://makemysushi.com/How-to-make-sushi/maki-roll maki Red Algae (D. Rhodophyta) - carrageenan (emulsifier and stabilizer) https://raheemtabet.wordpress.com/2013/11/13/spin ossum-eucheuma-denticulatum/ Eucheuma https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Eucheuma https://dalkemcorp.com/store/Dalkem-Carrageenan-Powder-IC-604- https://www.sustainablebusiness.com/2013/04/certified- Food-Grade-for-Ice-Cream-and-Dairy-Products-1-kilogram-p159776326 organic-foods-have-suspect-ingredient-carrageenan-51421/ Red Algae (D. Rhodophyta) - agar https://shopee.ph/MR.-GULAMAN-UNFLAVORED-RED- JELLY-POWDER-25-GRAMS-i.19072200.1925609504 Gulaman https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gracilaria#/media/File:Gracilaria2.JPG Gracilaria https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar_plate Agar plate Red Algae (D. Rhodophyta) - high-value products Porphyridium sp. - high value products https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0960852419312787 C. Brown-pigmented Algae - Dinoflagellates (D. Dinophyta) Forms: Single cells and filaments Major Pigments: Chl a and carotenoids Stored food: Starch Cell wall composition: Cellulose Habitat: Marine and freshwater Brown-pigmented Algae (D. Dinophyta) Phytoplankton http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Oc-Po/Plankton.html https://dawsonenvsc.wordpress.com/tag/plankton/ Brown-pigmented Algae (D. Dinophyta) Red tide causing organisms https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Pyrodinium_bahamense https://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/topics/redtide/general.html Pyrodinium bahamense Saxitoxin - neurotoxin D. Brown-pigmented Algae - Diatoms (D. Bacillariophyta) Forms: Single cells and filaments Major Pigments: Chl a and carotenoids Stored food: Chrysolaminarin Cell wall composition: Silica Habitat: All aquatic environments Brown-pigmented Algae - Diatoms (D. Bacillariophyta) Phytoplankton and periphyton https://sciencenode.org/feature/Secrets%20of%20the%20diatom%20.php Brown-pigmented Algae - Diatoms (D. Bacillariophyta) Aquaculture http://oceandatacenter.ucsc.edu/PhytoGallery/Diatoms/thalassiosira.html https://www.aquaculturealliance.org/advocate/optimizing-culture-of-the-weissflogii-diatom/ Thalassiosira weissflogii Shrimp and shellfish larval food Brown-pigmented Algae - Diatoms (D. Bacillariophyta) High-value products https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2211926420305063 e/article/abs/pii/S0960148116300787 Halamphora coffeaeformis Brown-pigmented Algae - Diatoms (D. Bacillariophyta) Diatomaceous earth https://www.offthegridnews.com/how-to-2/benefits-diatomaceous-earth/ https://www.lowes.com/pd/Garden-Safe- Diatomaceous-Earth-4-lb-Insect-Killer/3276739 E. Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) Forms: Filaments and thalli Major Pigments: Chl a and carotenoids Stored food: Laminarin starch Cell wall composition: Cellulose, alginic acid Habitat: Marine Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Kelp Forest and Sargassum bed https://phys.org/news/2020-03-remote-south-american-kelp-forests.html https://jecologyblog.com/2017/10/31/tropical-seaweed-beds-weather-the-storm/ Macrocystis Sargassum Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Food (edible blades) http://tayimli.com/gluten-free-noodle-soup-kombu/ https://www.amazon.in/Peepal- Farm-Handcrafted-Kombucha- 500ml/dp/B08224NK2C?th=1 Kombu soup and Kombucha https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/533676624571392507/ Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Alginic acid (food stabilizer and emulsifier) https://www.alibaba.com/product-detail/Cosmetic-grade-Alginic-Acid-Powder-for_62093390582.html Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Agricultural Fertilizers https://www.geosism.com/en/fertilizers/789-algaren-twin--brown- algae-and-yeast-extracts---20-kg---liquid-fertilizer-for-plants-and- https://humizone.en.made-in-china.com/productimage/oeCEyDLcfsUP- flowers-detail 2f1j00WBVanEIFEApv/China-Sargassum-Brown-Algae-Source-Alginic- Seaweed-Extract-Flake-Powder-Seaweed-Fertilizer.html Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Possible Medicinal Use https://www.lac.com/en/everyday-wellness_immunity/lac- activated%C2%AE/fucoidan-complex%E2%84%A2- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0141813020343725 01401451.html Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Possible Medicinal Use Mechanisms of Bioactivities of Fucoidan from the Brown Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus L. of the Barents Sea https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/5/275# Brown-pigmented Algae – Brown Seaweeds (D. Ochrophyta) = Possible Medicinal Use Inhibition of the Occurrence and Development of Inflammation-Related Colorectal Cancer by Fucoidan Extracted from Sargassum fusiforme https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02357 F. Green-pigmented Algae – Euglenoids (D. Euglenophyta) Forms: Single cells Major Pigments: Chl a and chl b Stored food: Paramylum Cell wall composition: none Habitat: Freshwater Importance: Phytoplankton Green-pigmented Algae – Euglenoids (D. Euglenophyta) Phytoplankton https://eol.org/pages/918843 https://magnoliafisheries.com/ugly-film-covering-your-pond/ Euglena G. Green-pigmented Algae – Chlorophytes (D. Chlorophyta) and Charophytes (D. Charophyta) Forms: Single cells, aggregates, filaments and thalli Major Pigments: Chl a and chl b Stored food: Starch Cell wall composition: Cellulose Habitat: All aquatic environments, soil, rocks, bark and lichens Importance: Phytoplankton and periphyton, aquaculture, single cell protein, food and the ancestor of plants  Green-pigmented Algae – D. Chlorophyta Phytoplankton Chlamydomonas Pediastrum https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/studies/invertebrates/chlamydomonas.html https://alchetron.com/Pediastrum-duplex Green-pigmented Algae – D. Charophyta Phytoplankton The desmids, Cosmarium (left) and Closterium (right) (University of New Hampshire, n.d.; Tsukii, 2006). Green-pigmented Algae – D. Chlorophyta Periphyton Oedogonium Cladophora https://www.nilesbio.com/prod112.ht http://www.imb.dvo.ru/misc/algae/index.php/en/component/mtree/en2/chlorophyta/order- ml cladophorales/family-cladophoraceae/genus-cladophora/229-cladophora-laetevirens-dillwyn-k- tzing Green-pigmented Algae – D. Charophyta Periphyton Vegetative thallus (left) and conjugated filaments (right) of Spirogyra (Tsukii, 2004; Tsukii, 2000). Green-pigmented Algae – D. Chlorophyta Food (edible stipe and fronds) Caulerpa (lato) https://www.goodnewspilipinas.com/seaweed-in- the-philippines-found-to-have-anti-cancer-benefits/ Codium (pokpoklo) Green-pigmented Algae – D. Chlorophyta Possible Medicinal Use Polysaccharide from Codium fragile Induces Anti-Cancer Immunity by Activating Natural https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jfbc.14395?af=R Killer Cells Codium https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/18/12/626 (pokpoklo) Green-pigmented Algae – D. Chlorophyta Single cell protein http://phytocode.net/phytoglossary/green-micro-algae- https://dnelsonenterprises.com/products/ chlorella-vulgaris/ https://www.amazon.com/Chlorella-Superfoods- cherifer-capsule-with-zinc-double- Minerals-Vitamins-Chlorophyll/dp/B01FMWFG86 chlorella-growth-factor-taurine-pgm-10- 22-30-capsules Chlorella Green-pigmented Algae – D.Chlorophyta Aquaculture https://thefishsite.com/articles/phytoplankton- culture-for-aquaculture-feed Tetraselmis Shrimp and shellfish larval food Green-pigmented Algae – D.Chlorophyta Aquaculture Tetraselmis Shrimp and shellfish larval food Green-pigmented Algae – D.Chlorophyta High value products https://www.bluebaycorp.com/haematococcu http://nordicmicroalgae.org/taxon/Haematococcus https://www.nutraingredients- s-pluvialis-extract-natural-astaxanthin- latam.com/Article/2019/03/26/Chilean-astaxanthin- product/ producer-eyes-big-potential-in-Asia-and-global-feed- markets Haematococcus pluvialis Astaxanthin - antioxidant  Green-pigmented Algae – D.Chlorophyta High value products https://microbiologyjournal.org/occurrence-of- euryhaline-dunaliella-salina-in-andaman-nicobar- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural- islands-assessment-and-optimization-of-its-total- and-biological-sciences/dunaliella https://thiennguyen.net.vn/chiet-xuat-tao- carotenoid-by-orthogonal-array-design/ dunaliella-salina-extract.html Dunaliella salina Beta-carotene - antioxidant and pro-vitamin A Green-pigmented Algae – D.Charophyta Plant ancestor Coleochaete Chara vegetative phase (Ryu, 2010). Fructifications of Chara on a node (left) and up close (right) (Fischer, 2013; Keisotyo, 2005)  Chara life cycle https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/chara-is-stonewort-alga-close-to-bryophytes/  Coleochaete Life Cycle https://studfile.net/preview/4597102/page:41/ Green-pigmented Algae – D. Charophyta Probable Plant ancestor Phylogenetic study using four genes representing three plant genomes: atpB and rbcL (plastid) nad5 (mitochondrial) small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene (nuclear) tRNA introns Green-pigmented Algae – D. Charophyta Probable Plant ancestor Morphological Characters similar to Plants sporopollenin phragmoplast cell plate forms centrally and progress centrifugally primary plasmodesmata asymmetrical flagellar system of microtubules presence of phytochrome, flavonoids and chemical precursors of cuticle. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporopollenin Spores and Pollen Grains with Sporopollenin https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/figure?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0146817.g001 https://quizlet.com/156169139/lab-1-part-2-protists-green-algae-and-slime-mold-flash-cards/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasmodesma  https://www.researchgate.net/figure/a-liverwort-Blasia-b-Moss- https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm#/media/File: Atrichum-reconstruction-of-sperm-cells- Plant_sperm.png Similarities_fig2_329947849 Asymmetrical flagellar system of microtubules https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/fulltext/S1360-1385(15)00174-0 Phytochromes for light detection https://www.aicr.org/resources/blog/flavonoids-in-your-foods-where-to-get-them/ Flavonoids END