1.1 Periodic Table: History & Trends PDF

1.1Periodic Table: History & Trends  During the nineteenth century, chemists began to categorize the elements according to similarities in their physical and chemical properties. The end result of these studies was our modern periodic table. John Newlands In 1863, many more elements had be...

1.1Periodic Table: History & Trends  During the nineteenth century, chemists began to categorize the elements according to similarities in their physical and chemical properties. The end result of these studies was our modern periodic table. John Newlands In 1863, many more elements had been discovered. He suggested that elements be arranged in groups of seven. He noted that after arranging elements by increasing atomic mass, that certain properties repeated every 7th element. He called this the “Law of octaves”. His contemporaries put little faith in his theory and rejected his work’s publication. Dmitri Mendeleev In 1869 he published a table that placed the elements in order of increasing atomic mass. Lothar Meyer He also published a table of elements organized by increasing atomic mass  Known elements at this time H Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn Sb Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Ce Pr Dy Er Pa Np  Mendeleev and Meyer both arranged the elements by increasing atomic mass and left spaces where unknown elements might fit. Mendeleev however, stated that if the mass of an element caused it to be placed in the wrong group then the atomic mass must be wrong. He corrected the atomic masses of Be, I and Te. He was so confident in his table that he predicted the physical properties of three yet unknown elements.  A comparison of Mendeleev’s predicted “Eka-aluminium” and Gallium, discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq in 1875 Eka -Aluminium Gallium Atomic weight About 68 69.72 Density of solid 6.0 g/cm³ 5.9 g/cm³ Melting point Low 29.78°C Valency 3 3 Oxide Formula Ea2O3, Formula Ga2O3, density 5.5 g/cm3. density 5.88 g/cm3. Soluble in both acids Soluble in both acids and alkalis and alkalis H Li Be B C N O F Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd Sn Sb Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Ce Pr Dy Er Pa Np After the discovery of these three elements and the accuracy of Mendeleev’s predictions his Table was widely accepted.  In spite of the success with Mendeleev’s periodic table, problems arose when more elements and more accurate atomic masses were discovered. Some elements are out of order when arranged by atomic mass. Ar and K Co and Ni Te and I Th and Pa Henry Moseley Through his work with X-rays, he was able to determine the actual nuclear charge or atomic number of the elements. He then arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number.  Mendeleev’s Periodic Table H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Note – Moseley was killed by a sniper at Gallipoli in WWI at age 28. Because of this, Britain restricted scientists to non-combatant duties in WWII. Glenn T. Seaborg After the discovery of 10 new elements in 1944 he moved 14 elements out of the main body of the periodic table to their current location below the Lanthanide series. These became known as the Actinide series. La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Glenn T. Seaborg He is the only person to have an element named after him while still alive. He claimed this honour was even better than receiving the Nobel Prize.  Periodic Table Terminology H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Horizontal rows are called Periods.  Periodic Table Terminology H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Vertical rows are called Groups or Families and have similar physical and chemical properties. Periodic Law When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, there is a periodic pattern in their physical and chemical properties. This pattern results in recognized families or groups of elements.  Alkali Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Alkali Metals Soft silver-coloured elements Solid at room temperature Metallic properties React violently with water to make Hydrogen gas React with halogens easily  Alkaline Earth Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Alkaline Earth Metals Light, gray-white luster Very reactive metals Metallic properties React with oxygen to create oxides React with hydrogen to form hydrides (except Be)  Transition Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Transition Metals Have a range of chemical and physical properties Strong, hard metals High melting point Good conductors Variable reactivity Form multivalent ions React with oxygen to form oxides Brightly coloured  Inner Transition Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Lanthanide Series and Actinide Series These are also known as the Rare Earth Elements  Inner Transition Metals Rare Often unstable Mostly radioactive  Halogens H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Halogens Come in many states Non-metallic properties Non-lustrous Non-conductors Extremely reactive React easily with hydrogen and metals especially alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.  Noble Gases H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Noble Gases Gases at room temperature Low melting points Unreactive Radon (Rn) is radioactive  Metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr  Non-metals H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uut Uuq Uuh La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Metalloids