09_wood_twop_10ce_ppt_ch09 (2)Revised.pptx

The World of Psychology Tenth Canadian Edition Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-1 Module 9.1 Theories of Motivation Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-2 Motivation (1 of 9) Motivation • Initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiologica...

The World of Psychology Tenth Canadian Edition Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-1 Module 9.1 Theories of Motivation Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-2 Motivation (1 of 9) Motivation • Initiates, directs, sustains behaviour to satisfy physiological or psychological needs. Motives • Needs or desires that energize, direct behaviour toward a goal. Incentives • External stimulus that motivates behaviour. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-3 Table 9.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation Blank Description Examples Intrinsic motivation An activity is pursued as an end in itself because it is enjoyable and rewarding. A person anonymously donates a large sum of money to a university to fund scholarships for hundreds of deserving students. A child reads several books each week because reading is fun. Extrinsic motivation An activity is pursued to gain A person agrees to donate a large an external reward or to avoid sum of money to a university for the an undesirable consequence. construction of a building, provided it will bear the family name. A child reads two books each week to avoid losing television privileges. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-4 Motivation (2 of 9) Instinct • Inborn, unlearned, fixed pattern of behaviour. • Characteristic of entire species. Instinct Theory • Behaviour motivated by innate tendencies, instincts. • Shared by all individuals. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-5 Motivation (3 of 9) Drive • State of tension/arousal, due to need. • Motivates behaviour. • Satisfy need and reduce tension. Drive Reduction Theory • Need creates unpleasant state, drive. • Organisms act to satisfy need, reduce tension. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-6 Motivation (4 of 9) Figure 9.1 Drive-Reduction Theory Drive-reduction theory is based on the biological concept of homeostasis—the body’s natural tendency to maintain a state of internal balance, or equilibrium. When the equilibrium becomes disturbed (e.g., when we are thirsty and need water), a drive (internal state of arousal) emerges. Then, the organism is motivated to take action to satisfy the need, thus reducing the drive and restoring equilibrium. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-7 Motivation (5 of 9) Homeostasis • Maintain balanced internal state. • Balance body temperature, blood sugar, water, oxygen for survival. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-8 Motivation (6 of 9) Arousal • State of alertness, mental and physical activation. Arousal Theory • Motivated to maintain optimal level of arousal. Stimulus Motives (Increasing Motivation) • Curiosity, exploration, play. • Occur when arousal too low. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9-9 Motivation (7 of 9) Yerkes-Dodson Law • Perform best when arousal level appropriate to difficulty of task. • Higher arousal for simple tasks. • Moderate arousal for moderate tasks. • Low arousal for difficult tasks. • Performance suffers when arousal level too high or low for task. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 10 Motivation (8 of 9) Sensory Deprivation • Sensory stimulation reduced to minimum or eliminated. • Experiment: Bexton, Herron, and Scott (1954), McGill University. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 11 Motivation (9 of 9) Dr. Rob Stepney/Science Source Sensory stimulation is reduced to a minimum for participants in sensory-deprivation experiments. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 12 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1 of 2) Hierarchy of Needs • Needs arranged in order of urgency. • Explain range of human motivation. • Lower level motives satisfied before higher ones. • Physiological needs lowest. • Self-actualization needs highest. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 13 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (2 of 2) Figure 9.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Source: ©Maslow, A. H., Frager, R. D., & Fadiman, J. (1987). Motivation and Personality (3rd ed). Reprinted and electronically reproduced by permission of Pearson Education, Inc., New York, N Y. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 14 Module 9.2 The Primary Drives: Hunger and Thirst Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 15 Primary Drives Primary drives • States of tension or arousal arising from a biological need. • Not based on learning. • Thirst and hunger. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 16 Module 9.3 Social Motives Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 17 Social Motives (1 of 5) • Learn or acquire through social and cultural experiences. • Needs to be with others (affiliation); power; achievement. Thematic Apperception Test (TA T) • Series of pictures, ambiguous situations. • Investigates strength of social motives or needs. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 18 Social Motives (2 of 5) Need for Achievement • Need to accomplish something difficult. • Need to overcome obstacles, attain high standard. • Hope for success v s. fear of failure. ersu Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 19 Social Motives (3 of 5) Whether you strive for a goal depends on: • Strength of your need to achieve. • Expectation of success. • Incentive value of success or failure. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 20 Social Motives (4 of 5) • High achievers set realistic goals. • High achievers use hard work, ability, determination, persistence. • Low achievers not willing to take chances. • Low achievers set very low goals or impossibly high goals. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 21 Social Motives (5 of 5) MichaelSvoboda/E+/Getty Images People with a high need for achievement can overcome even serious obstacles in their efforts to succeed. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 22 Module 9.4 The What and Why of Emotions Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 23 Definition of Emotion Emotion • Feeling state. • Physiological arousal. • Cognitive appraisal of situation arousing the state. • Outward expression of state. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 24 Components of Emotions • Physical Component = physiological arousal or internal body state. • Cognitive Component = perceive or interpret stimulus or situation. • Behavioural Component = outward expression of emotions. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 25 Table 9.2 The Components of Emotions Physical Component Cognitive Component Behavioural Component Physiological arousal (internal bodily state accompanying the emotion) The way we interpret a stimulus or situation Outward expression of the emotion (facial expressions, gestures, body posture, tone of voice) Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 26 Theories of Emotions (1 of 3) James-Lange Theory • Event, physical response, emotion. • Feel afraid because we tremble. Cannon-Bard Theory • Feeling of emotion (e.g., fear) occurs at same time as physiological arousal (e.g., pounding heart). • One does not cause the other. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 27 Theories of Emotions (2 of 3) Figure 9.5 The James–Lange Theory of Emotion The James–Lange theory of emotion is the exact opposite of what our subjective experience tells us. If an angry dog growls at you, the James–Lange interpretation is this: The dog growls, your heart begins to pound, and only by observing that your heart is pounding do you conclude that you must be afraid. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 28 Theories of Emotions (3 of 3) Schachter-Singer Theory • Physiological arousal then cognitive interpretation before labelling emotion. Lazarus Cognitive-Appraisal Theory • Stimulus triggers cognitive appraisal, emotion and physiological arousal after. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 29 Module 9.5 The Expression of Emotions Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 30 The Range of Emotion Basic Emotions • Unlearned, universal emotions. • Found in all cultures. • Fear, anger, disgust, surprise, joy, happiness, sadness, distress. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 31 Facial Expressions • Facial expressions of emotion are biologically determined. • Newborns don’t smile. • Facial expressions of emotions develop naturally. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 32 Cultural Display Rules (1 of 3) • • • • Culturally, how emotions are expressed. Where and when expression is appropriate. Gender differences. Disconnection between felt emotions and emotional expression sometimes. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 33 Cultural Display Rules (2 of 3) Sean Sprague/Alamy Stock Photo The stern faces of these young Masai warriors from Kenya reflect their culture’s display rules banning the public expression of emotion. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 34 Cultural Display Rules (3 of 3) Gary Blakeley/123 R F. There are many situations in which people must disguise their emotions to comply with the display rules of their culture, which dictate when and how feelings should be expressed. For example, these Buckingham Palace guards are expected to remain expressionless, even if it means hiding their true feelings. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 35 Emotion as Communication • Communicate feelings, intentions, needs more effectively than just words. • More likely others will respond. • Biologically wired to convey emotion signals • Predisposed to read and interpret signals. • Communicating emotions, motivates others to act. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 36 Module 9.6 Experiencing Emotions Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 37 Facial-Feedback Hypothesis • Facial expressions of basic emotions are genetically programmed. • Muscular movements in face can trigger corresponding emotions. • Smiling makes us happy. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 38 Emotion and Rational Thinking Is there a negative correlation between emotion and rational thinking? • Catharsis = expression of emotion, venting. • Reality = Venting anger makes us more angry. • Extreme emotional states diminish rational thinking. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 39 Love • Love = deep and abiding affection. • Romantic love (passionate love) = intense emotional response, turmoil of emotion + sexual arousal and longing. • Six styles of love = romantic and passionate; friendly; game-playing; possessive; pragmatic; unselfish. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 40 Sternberg’s Theory of Love (1 of 3) Triangular theory of love (3 components) • Intimacy, passion, commitment. • Produces seven kinds of love. • Consummate love = all three components; ideal type of love relationship. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 41 Sternberg’s Theory of Love (2 of 3) • • • • Liking = intimacy. Empty = commitment. Infatuated = passion. Romantic = passion and intimacy. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 42 Sternberg’s Theory of Love (3 of 3) • Fatuous = passion and commitment. • Companionate = intimacy and commitment. • Consummate = intimacy, passion, and commitment. Copyright © 2024 Pearson Canada Inc. 9 - 43