Module 06 - Therapeutic Diet for Selected Pathological Conditions PDF

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY SEM 01 | CYC 02 LECTURE AUF-CON NCM 0105 MODULE 06 – THERAPEUTIC DIET FOR SELECTED PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Obese ⋝25...

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY SEM 01 | CYC 02 LECTURE AUF-CON NCM 0105 MODULE 06 – THERAPEUTIC DIET FOR SELECTED PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Obese ⋝25 OUTLINE I Obesity, Overweight, and Underweight A serious health hazard A Overweight and Obesity Characterized by excess accumulation of fat and B Underweight reflects on the overall health of the individual not just II Cardiovascular Diseases A Hypertension, Arteriosclerosis, Myocardial Infarction, on one’s physical appearance Congestive Heart Failure Imbalance between energy intake and expenditure III Renal Diseases Puts extra strain on the heart, lungs, muscles, bones A Glomerulonephritis, Renal Failure, Urinary Calculi IV Arthritis and joints and increases the susceptibility to A Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gouty Arthritis diabetes mellitus and hypertension V Gastrointestinal Tract Disturbances Increases surgical risks, shortens life span and A Mouth and Esophagus Problems causes emotional problems B Diseases in the Stomach C Diseases of the Intestines Fats do not have adequate: D Liver and Gallbladder Disturbances ○ Blood supply (surgical risks) Slower wound healing ○ Low immune system (short life span) DIETARY MANAGEMENTS ○ Low self-esteem (emotional problems) OBESITY, OVERWEIGHT, AND UNDERWEIGHT TYPES OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY DEVELOPMENTAL OBESITY (JUVENILE OBESITY) OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY ○ Begins in the early life and continues during adult ○ OVERWEIGHT ○ Peaks at 4 years old and is established at 11 years BMI: 25-29.9 (WHO) old BMI: 23-24.9 (ASIA-PACIFIC) REACTIVE OBESITY reaction to stress/problems/coping mechanism ○ OBESE ○ Results from intense and repeated episodes of BMI: More than or equal to 30 (WHO) emotional stress BMI: More than or equal to 25 (ASIA-PACIFIC) ○ Turn to food for comfort to heal emotional problems BMI CLASSIFICATION [WHO] ○ Bad eating habits prevents us from learning skills Underweight 3x a day) mucosal integrity) resulting from inflammation ○ Hindi properly na-a-absorb or digest yung mga Malalim na part na ng stomach yung na-damage nutrients and water sa kinakain A symptom not a disease CAUSES: pathogens, improper food handling, medications (antibiotics; cephalosporins, penicillins, azithromycin), intake of milk for lactose-intolerant, etc. TYPES ACUTE ○ Bacterial contamination ○ Short duration (less than 2 weeks), a result of MANAGEMENT enteritis-food borne pathogens, side effects of Bleeding ulcer: managed by gastric lavage and NPO medications, change in dietary habits or intake, Small, frequent feedings to avoid sudden increase in emotional stress gastric acid production CHRONIC Bland diet to avoid gastric irritation ○ Longer than 2 weeks resulting from disorders like Foods rich in protein (CHON rich: specifically plant- malabsorption or a more serious disease based; fish, egg, meat, poultry) condition (consult a physician) ○ Avoid beef products (hard to digest) ○ Has greater ability to neutralize acid MANAGEMENT Milk (especially full cream or fresh milk) is no longer NPO (Withhold fluid and foods by mouth [to decrease recommended nowadays as it triggers secretion of intestinal motility] for 12 hours with IVF and gastric acid NCM 0105 |Banaag, Cato, Diala, Mallari, Malonzo, Paras|17  MODULE 06 – THERAPEUTIC DIET FOR SELECTED PATHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS electrolytes [to replace fluid and electrolyte losses [hard stool] because one of the functions of the colon and to let the stomach and intestines rest]) is water absorption) ○ Per volume replacement: if the stool of the patient ○ Depends on the normal bowel movement of a is in a liquid form, they can estimate the fluid lost person (not all individuals have a BM everyday) by the patient and will replace it through IV (fast- CAUSES: sedentary lifestyle (bed-ridden patients), drip) or oral rehydration salts (ORS) intake of fiber-deprived diet, long use of laxatives and Done if there is an excessive fluid loss from the enemas (rebound constipation), postponing bowel patient or else dehydration may occur movements (increased risk for constipation) Home management: NPO for 4 hours (stomach and bowel rest) TYPES ○ Oral fluids as conditions improve Oral rehydration solution can be administered ATONIC PEDIALYTE: flavored commercially-prepared ORS; ○ Condition experienced by older people, obese, mostly given to children before surgery and during pregnancy ORS tablet or powder ○ Hindi makagalaw nang mabuti yung bowel HOME MADE ORS (DOH-Phil): 1 L clean water, 4 tsp ○ CAUSES sugar, 1 tsp salt; lime is optional for additional flavor Compression of the bowel: restricts the bowel ○ Effective to maintain the fluid and electrolyte levels to move, causing atonic constipation Advance to small frequent feeding when tolerated, Inadequate diet: lack of Vitamin B (which aids serving foods such as broth, gruel (cooked cereal in the tone of the bowel for peristaltic made by boiling), and toast or BRAT diet if hindi na movement) = loss of bowel wall tone hyperactive yung stomach ni pt Irregular meals: little residue for evacuation Include scrapped raw apple and banana given every Lack of fluids and fiber: hard feces = not 2-4 hours enough distention to initiate BM ○ They contain soluble fiber that holds water to Irregular defecation: feces stays in the bowel make a formed stool causing reabsorption of water; disrupted BM Liberal fluid intake to replace losses and prevent routine dehydration. Replace losses of sodium, potassium SPASTIC and other electrolytes through fruit juices high in ○ Overstimulation of the intestinal nerve endings these minerals resulting in asymmetrical contraction of the bowel ○ Mas marami ang fluid losses ng mga baby kapag May isang part ng bowel na hyperactive or sila yung may diarrhea overstimulated, tapos sa next part ng bowel If diarrhea is not managed, it can cause death wala namang peristaltic movement (common among infants with complications) ○ CAUSES Extreme use of cathartics, laxatives, tobacco, tea, coffee and alcohol Stress: increase hormones such as cortisol, adrenaline, and serotonin Poor hygiene: body performs better when it is CONSTIPATION clean and healthy Lack of fluids: inadequate fluid intake = does Infrequent (