Medical Terminology: The Muscular System PDF

Medical Terminology The Muscular System 1 2  STRUCTURES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Referred to jointly as the musculoskeletal system. Muscle fibers; the long, slender cells that make up muscles. 3...

Medical Terminology The Muscular System 1 2  STRUCTURES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Referred to jointly as the musculoskeletal system. Muscle fibers; the long, slender cells that make up muscles. 3  Fascia (FASH-ee-ah); a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles (plural, fasciae or fascias). Myofascial (my-oh-FASH-ee-ahl); pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia 4  Tendon; a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. Ligaments; bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone Achilles tendon attaches the gastrocnemius muscle (the major muscle of the calf of the leg) to the heel bone. 5  TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE The three types of muscle tissue are ○ Skeletal muscle ○ Smooth muscle ○ Myocardial muscle 6  TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Skeletal muscle: Attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible Also known as voluntary muscles, because of conscious (voluntary) control. Also known as striated muscles, because of the dark and light bands 7  TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Smooth muscle: Located in the walls of internal organs ○ Aka, Involuntary muscles; under the control of the autonomic nervous system ○ Aka, Unstriated muscles; No the dark and light bands ○ Aka, Visceral muscles. Visceral means relating to the internal organs. 8  TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE Myocardial muscle: myocardium or cardiac muscle ○ Form the muscular walls of the heart (my/o means muscle, cardi/o means heart, and -al means pertaining to) Striated in appearance, involuntary in action. 9  MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION Muscle innervation (in-err-VAY-shun); the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Neuromuscular (new-roh-MUS-kyou-lar); pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle 10  CONTRASTING MUSCLE MOTION Abduction (ab-DUCK-shun); away from the midline Adduction (ah-DUCK-shun); toward the midline of the body Flexion (FLECK-shun); decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint Extension; increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb An extensor muscle straightens a limb at a joint Elevation; the act of raising or lifting a body part. (levator anguli oris muscles) Depression; the act of lowering a body part. (A depressor muscle) 11  Rotation; a circular movement ○ The rotator cuff is the group of muscles Circumduction (ser-kum-DUCK-shun); the circular movement at the far end of a limb. Supination (soo-pih-NAY-shun); the palm of the hand upward. Pronation (proh-NAY-shun); the palm of the hand downward Dorsiflexion (dor-sih-FLECK-shun); bends the foot upward at the ankle. Plantar flexion (PLAN-tar FLECK-shun); bends the foot downward at the ankle. Plantar means pertaining to the sole of the foot. 12  HOW MUSCLES ARE NAMED Named for Their Origin and Insertion ○ The sternocleidomastoid muscle Named for Their Action ○ levator anguli oris Named for Their Location ○ rectus femoris Named for Fiber Direction ○ external oblique and internal oblique ○ rectus abdominis and rectus femorus ○ sphincter (SFINK-ter); a ring-like muscle ○ Transverse (trans-VERSE); a crosswise direction. Named for Number of Divisions ○ biceps brachii, triceps brachii Named for Their Size or Shape ○ gluteus maximus, deltoid muscle 13  The hamstring group, located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: ○ Biceps femoris, ○ Semitendinosus ○ Semimembranosus muscles. The primary functions of the hamstrings are knee flexion and hip extension so named, because these are the muscles by which a butcher hangs a slaughtered pig. 14  SELECT MUSCLES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS Muscles of the Head ○ The frontalis , or occipitofrontalis, muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows. ○ The temporalis muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth. ○ The masseter muscle, which is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing. 15  Muscles of the Trunk ○ The pectoralis major; the chest muscles. Muscles of the Shoulders and Arms ○ deltoid, trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii Muscles of the Legs ○ rectus femoris, quadriceps femoris, hamstring group, gastrocnemius 16  A neurologist; treating the causes of paralysis and muscular disorders A physiatrist ; a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation Rehabilitation; restoration of the ability 17  PATHOLOGY OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Fasciitis (fascitis); inflammation of a fascia Tenosynovitis; an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon. Tendinitis (tendonitis); an inflammation of the tendons Atrophy ; weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. Myalgia; tenderness or pain in the muscles Myolysis; the degeneration of muscle tissue. Myorrhexis; the rupture or tearing of a muscle. Polymyositis; inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles. Muscle tone; the state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible. Atonic; lacking normal muscle tone or strength Dystonia; the impairment of voluntary muscle movement Hypotonia; diminished tone of the skeletal muscles Ataxia; the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement Bradykinesia; extreme slowness in movement Dyskinesia; impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm 18 Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) Paralysis; the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements due to nerve injury. Hemiparesis; slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body (hemi-; half). Hemiplegia; total paralysis affecting only one side of the body (hemi- ; half, -plegia; paralysis). ○ Usually associated with a stroke or brain damage. ○ Damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body. Paraplegia; the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body. Quadriplegia; paralysis of all four extremities (quadr/i; four). An individual affected with quadriplegia is known as a quadriplegic. Cardioplegia; paralysis of heart muscle (induced intentionally to perform surgery) DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM Deep tendon reflexes (DTR); tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon Electromyography (EMG); a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation A muscle biopsy involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. 19