The Revolution Continued... PDF

The Revolution Continued… THE TRUCE OF BIAK NA BATO Major Agreements: 1. Aguinaldo and his men would go into exile abroad 2. Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3 installments: a. P400,000 upon departure b. P 200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutio...

The Revolution Continued… THE TRUCE OF BIAK NA BATO Major Agreements: 1. Aguinaldo and his men would go into exile abroad 2. Primo de Rivera would pay the sum of P800,000 to the rebels in 3 installments: a. P400,000 upon departure b. P 200,000 when the arms surrendered by the revolutionists exceeded 700 c. The remaining P200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and general amnesty was proclaimed by the governor. 3. Primo de Rivera would pay the additional sum of P900,000 to civilians who suffered in armed conflict FAILURE OF THE TRUCE TRUST ISSUES § Resistance continued BREAKING THE PROMISE AGUINALDO & THE REVOLUTIONARY LEADERS IN HONG KONG Government-in-Exile § Supreme Council of Representatives of the People § Hong Kong Junta Taken from: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Hongkong_Junta.jpg WHAT HAPPENED TO THE P400,000? Invested the money §Deposited in HSBC and in the Chartered Bank of Australia, India and China § Funded the expenses of the exiles such as lodging § Emilio Aguinaldo was entrusted for safe-keeping §Intended to use the principal to start a new insurrection Initial Contacts Between the Philippine Revolutionaries and the Americans (1898-1899) First Interview/Meeting From Aguinaldo’s Account From Pratt’s Account “Consul Pratt told me that “ After learning from General because the Spaniards had not Aguinaldo the state of and complied with the agreement of object sought to be obtained by Biak-na-Bato, the Filipinos had a the present insurrectionary right to renew their interrupted revolution, and advised me to take government, which, though up arms anew against Spain, absent from the Philippines, he assuring me that America would was still directing, I took it upon give us the Filipinos the greatest myself, whilst explaining that I advantage…” had no authority to speak for the Government…” From Aguinaldo’s Account From Pratt’s Account “Consul Pratt told me that because “ After learning from General the Spaniards had not complied Aguinaldo the state of and object with the agreement of Biak-na- sought to be obtained by the Bato, the Filipinos had a right to present insurrectionary renew their interrupted government, which, though absent revolution, and advised me to from the Philippines, he was still directing, I took it upon myself, take up arms anew against Spain, assuring me that whilst explaining that I had no America would give us the authority to speak for Filipinos the greatest the Government…” advantage…” Second Interview/Meeting From Aguinaldo’s Account From Pratt’s Account “ “ … the general stated that he hoped that the United States would at the United States would assume least recognize the independence protection of the Philippines for at least long enough to allow the of the Philippine government inhabitants to establish a government under a naval protectorate, but of their own, in the organization of that there was no necessity to put which he would desire American it in writing, as the words of the advice and assistance... These Admiral and the American Consul questions, I told him I had no authority were sacred and would be to discuss..” fulfilled…" From Aguinaldo’s Account From Pratt’s Account “ “ … the general (Aguinaldo) that the United States would stated that he hoped the United at least recognize the States would assume protection independence of the of the Philippines for at least long enough to allow the inhabitants to Philippine government under a establish a government of their naval protectorate, but that there own, in the organization of which was no necessity to put it in he would desire American advice writing, as the words of the and assistance... These Admiral and the American Consul were sacred and would be questions, I told him I had fulfilled…" no authority to discuss..”  “Pratt had acted ultra vires; he had ‘produced an impression’ on the Filipinos ‘which the government would feel compelled to regret’; raised in them ‘hopes which it might not be practicable to gratify,’ namely that ‘the ultimate object of our action is the independence of the Philippines;’ and because he did, it became necessary quietly to separate him from the consular service.” - Dela Costa S.J., 1977. From Aguinaldo’s Account From Dewey’s Account: “ … I asked him if all the “ I have acted according to the spirit telegrams rative to myself of the Department’s instructions from which he had addressed to the the beginning, and I have entered Consul at Singapore, Mr. Pratt into no alliance with the insurgents or were true. He replied in the any factions…” affirmative, and added that the ”... I have refrained from assisiting US had come to the Philippines him in any way with the force under to protect the natives and free my command, and I have declined them from the yoke of Spain... requests that I should do so... My That America needed no relations with him are cordial, but I colonies...” am not in his confidence...” From Aguinaldo’s Account From Dewey’s Account: “ … I asked him if all the telegrams “ I have acted according to the spirit of rative to myself which he had the Department’s instructions from the addressed to the Consula at beginning, and I have entered into no Singapore, Mr. Pratt were true. He alliance with the insurgents or any replied in the affirmative, and factions…” added that the US had come to the ”... I have refrained from assisiting him in Philippines to protect the natives any way with the force under my and free them from the yoke of command, and I have declined requests Spain... That America needed no that I should do so... My relations with colonies...” him are cordial, but I am not in his confidence...” “Rather than making a war of conquest upon the Filipino people, I would anchor up and sail out of the harbor.” - Dewey A MATTER OF DIPLOMATIC PRACTICE § Translation Factor: They do not know how to speak in English § Filipinos were naïve § Putting down agreements in writing § Still in the process of struggling to be free, no experience of fine diplomatic relations § Undesirable frame of mind: Tendency to believe what they wanted to believe § The Teller Amendment POINT FOR REFLECTION Is it possible for us, while keeping the nation-state intact, to make words speak somewhat more in harmony with action? The Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution THE AMERICAN ANGLE The Cuban Revolution In 1895 - Between Cubans and Spaniards - US had no official part, but was helping Cuba because of economic interests Intercepted Letter by A Spanish Gov’t Official Dupuy De Lome - Letter was published and made public - Letter calling US Pres. McKinley as a low politician and weakling THE AMERICAN ANGLE American Warship Maine blew- Taken From: https://blog.newspapers.com/the-sinking-of-the-uss-maine-february-15-1898/ up - February 15, 1898, Havana Harbor - Around 250 Americans died - Became America’s battle cry Results of the investigation: inconclusive - Prompted US to act - Talks on declaring war with Spain THE AMERICAN ANGLE Declaration of War - US Congress formally declared war against Spain on April 25, 1898 - Dewey sailed to the Philippines via USS Olympia and entered Manila Bay almost undetected on May 1, 1898 Personal Photo: Taken in Philadelphia, PA 2011 THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY America defeated an Imperial Power - May 1, 1898 - Spanish ships outnumbered the Americans, but they were poorly armed Taken from: http://www.archeosousmarine.net/telesfora.html AGUINALDO’S RETURN §Aguinaldo went secretly to Singapore - Feud with Isabelo Artacho over the division of P400,000 - Meetings with US Consul Pratt - Aguinaldo was eager to return to the Philippines - Returned to HK, but Dewey already left for Manila Bay §Back in Hong Kong - Used the money to purchase arms and ammunitions for the Filipinos ROAD TO AGUINALDO’S RETURN § Aguinaldo returned in Manila via the American Warship Mc Culloch on May 19 § He wrote proclamations to continue fighting against Spain - By the beginning of June, most of Luzon were under the revolutionaries’ hands THE SIEGE OF MANILA § Americans blocked Manila Bay to prevent Spanish ships from entering or leaving the bay. § Aguinaldo’s troops surrounded Intramuros § Cut-off food and water supply §June 6: Aguinaldo offered an honorable surrender to the Spanish Gov. Gen. Augustin THE SPANISH-AMERICAN SECRET AGREEMENT § Dewey tried to negotiate with Gov. Gen. Augustin - Madrid did not like it so Augustin was replaced by Gov. Gen. Jaudines - BUT Jaudines also believed that the Spanish position was already hopeless § The Secret Agreement - Mock Battle THE MOCK BATTLE § A staged battle: August 13, 1898 §Plan of attack: Dewey’s ship to bombard Fort San Antonio Abad - American troops advanced towards the walls. Filipino troops were told that there was no need for their help. - Attack happened between 9:30-11:20am § August 14: Manila was handed over to the Americans