Introduction to Ecology KISJ 2020 PDF

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Part 1 A Word about Vocabulary… You NEED to build your own vocabulary lists as we go along ▪ You may use flashcards or Quizlet ▪ You may use Google Docs ▪ We will not ask you to submit these ▪ We may have pop quizzes to review vocabulary ▪ This document wi...

INTRODUCTION TO ECOLOGY Part 1 A Word about Vocabulary… You NEED to build your own vocabulary lists as we go along ▪ You may use flashcards or Quizlet ▪ You may use Google Docs ▪ We will not ask you to submit these ▪ We may have pop quizzes to review vocabulary ▪ This document will help but you will encounter other terms as well. Make note of them. The field of ecology was begun in 1866 by Ernst Haeckel, a German biologist. He viewed nature as a house with its own economy.  What is Ecology? Ecology is the scientific study of: interactions between organisms and the environment.  What is Ecology? It is the study of the interactions between: different groups of organisms.  What is Ecology? It is the study of interactions or connections that exist in nature between: biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) components  Your Turn Watch this video. 1. List biotic and abiotic factors you observe as you watch this video. 2. Did anything surprise you and if it did, what and why? Ecosystems are affected by a variety of factors. These factors are divided into two categories: 1. Biotic factors 2. Abiotic factors  Biotic factors are the living components of the environment Biotic Factors and include all of the living things that affect the organism. These include every living thing an organism Biotic factors affecting a might interact with. bird might include: Parasites Pathogens Tiny seeds the bird eats The competition with other birds for nesting sites A hawk that might prey on a smaller bird.  Abiotic Factors These are the nonliving factors that influence or affect the ecosystem. Abiotic factors would include: temperature Which two abiotic humidity factors are the major pH determiners of the salinity distribution of oxygen concentration organisms? amount of sunlight Answer: soil type Temperature and rainfall the availability of climate water. wind and precipitation. Factors that Affect Ecosystems Biotic & abiotic factors determine the survival and growth of individual organisms and ultimately the ecosystem. Biotic factors that affect bullfrogs would be availability of food and other species that compete with the bullfrog for food or space. Abiotic factors that affect bullfrogs would be water availability and temperature. Levels of Ecological Organization Scientists recognize a hierarchy of organization in the environment. Each level has unique properties that result from the interactions among its components. From broadest to most specific, these levels are: 1. The biosphere 2. Ecosystems 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Organisms  The Biosphere The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological organization and includes all other levels. The biosphere contains the combined portions of the planet in which all life exists, including land, water, and air. All organisms are found within the biosphere. The biosphere extends 5 to 6 miles above the Earth’s surface to the deepest parts of the ocean. Life is not distributed evenly throughout the biosphere. Most organisms are found within: a few meters of the surface of the land or ocean. Ecosystems The biosphere is composed of smaller units called ecosystems. An ecosystem is a collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving, or physical, environment.  As an example, consider a pond ecosystem. What living organisms might live in this ecosystem? Fish, insects, turtles, plants, algae, bacteria, protists, amphibians, birds. List some of the nonliving components of this ecosystem. a) The level of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in the water. b) The supply of nitrogen and phosphorous. c) The pH of the water. d) The amount of sunlight received by the pond. The interaction between the physical environment and the living organisms will affect their survival.  Communities A community is all of the living organisms found in a particular area. A community may contain thousands of species. A scientist who studies In the pond ecosystem used as an communities studies the example above, the fish, insects, turtles, interactions between these plants, algae, bacteria, protists, and living organisms. amphibians make up a community. Ecologists use two simple ways to measure biodiversity in communities or ecosystems: Species Richness: a measure of the number of different species Species Evenness (or Species Abundance): the amount of individuals in each species, relative to each other  Populations A population includes: all the members of a single species that live in an area. Communities are composed of many different populations.  Organisms This is the simplest level of organization in ecology. An organismal scientist would concentrate on the adaptations that allow organisms to overcome the challenges of their environment.  Quick Check Number your paper from 1 to 8 When the image is shown, identify the level of biological organization it represents. 1. What level of organization 2. What level of organization 3. What level of organization 4. What level of organization 5. What level of organization 6. What level of organization 16.7.What Whatlevel level of of organization Organization? 8. What level of organization Biomes of the World © Amy Brown Science  Think, Write, Pair & Share Think & Write Pair & Share What is a biome? X A goes first What factors determine the characteristics that B goes first define each type of biome? Hint – think abiotic  Biomes A biome is a complex of terrestrial ecosystems that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions as well as particular populations of plants and animals. A biome is a large group of many ecosystems  Biomes An organism cannot live in just any biome. Every species of organism has particular adaptations that make it well suited to a particular environment. An adaptation is an inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce thereby passing on those genes.  Biomes All plants and animals also show differences in tolerance. Tolerance is: the ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from an organism’s optimal conditions. For example, some desert organisms can tolerate temperature ranges from blistering hot to below freezing. But rain forest plants and animals would quickly die if the temperature became too cold. 9 Major Biomes Comparison  The Major Biomes Note that on the biome map, there appear to be sharp boundaries between each biome. There will be transitional areas between the biomes where the characteristics of one biome gradually give way to the those of the next biome. These interactions occur on many levels, ranging from the organism level to a global level.  Biome Review Biomes were taught in middle school. This section was meant as a review of basics with the addition of the climate patterns and climographs. If you do not remember much about biomes or never learned about them, please review this powerpoint that contains background information. Biomes PPT A climograph shows the average monthly temperature (°C) and precipitation (mm) over a year.  It is the best indicator for what type of biome exists in a particular area. Usually based on 30 or more years of data. Help us identify and distinguish different types of biomes.  Your Turn Create a climograph Precipitation Temperature (° based on Jeju’s data. Month (mm) C) January 30 3 The temperature and February 50 4 precipitation are the average for the month March 80 8 rather than individual April 150 14 days. May 150 16 Helpful video for making June 200 20 digital biome graph. Old July 250 26 but good! August 210 27 September 160 25 **use earbuds please** October 70 16 November 70 12 December 40 7  Climographs to Know Identify Temperate the Forest Deciduous type ofTemperate biome each set of dataTemperate Rainforest represents. grassland Woodland/shrubland Subtropical desert Boreal forest (Taiga) You should remember these. In the future you may be shown a similar graph and be asked to identify it. Top left to Top right Take a few moments to write in Temperate Seasonal Forest your notes a few sentences Temperate Rainforest about how you might be able Temperate grassland to tell the graphs apart. Bottom left to bottom right Read this - I CAN Strategy Woodland/shrubland Subtropical desert Boreal forest (Taiga)  Create an Ecosystem Poster & Rubric Choose any TERRESTRIAL ecosystem on earth. Choose any natural location within that biome’s land. Determine what organisms live in the biome/ecosystem. Show the Levels of Organization. ○ Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome (world map of where it is) There should be one image/box for each of these and it should be themed to the biome (No artwork or AI generated images. Needs to be pictures of real things) Include a 1 sentence concise description Create a Climate Diagram showing temperature and precipitation. The graph should be labeled correctly ○ ○ You may obtain your data from online, https://weather-and-climate.com/ (suggestion) Map of where this biome exists Create this as a digital poster on A3 paper size, be sure to change the page size. You must credit your sources and diagrams if you didn’t create them. Your sources can be listed on a separate page using ALA or MLA.  Follow this Template Example Poster Individual Population Climate Diagram Sentence Here & Example Sentence Here & Sentence describing the Example climate Community Ecosystem Location of Biome Sentence Here & Sentence Here & Example Example Name of 3 countries