01 - The Socio-Biophysical System and Types of Forests (1).pdf

INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY  Forests A tract of land dominated by trees and associated flora and fauna A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together An ecosystem characterized by more or less dense and ex...

INTRODUCTION TO FORESTRY  Forests A tract of land dominated by trees and associated flora and fauna A plant community predominantly of trees and other woody vegetation, growing more or less closely together An ecosystem characterized by more or less dense and extensive tree cover An ecosystem with a minimum of 10% crown cover of trees and/or bamboo, generally associated with wild flora and fauna, and natural soil conditions and not subject to agricultural practices  Forestry The scientific management of forests for the continuous production of goods and services.  THE SOCIO-BIOPHYSICAL SYSTEM  The Socio- Biophysical System Primary Production System External influences Environmental Industries/ Management/ Manufacturing Conservation Political System goals Socio-Political System The Primary Production System Forestry / Agroforestry Agriculture Mining Fisheries and Aquaculture  TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FORESTS Types and Distribution of Forests  Classifications of Forests Tropical Forest – Tropical Moist Forest Tropical Rainforest Tropical Deciduous Forest – Tropical Dry Forest Temperate Forest – Boreal – Mixed Plantation Forest  Tropical Forest Found in the area between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn Possesses the richest Diversity of Flora and Fauna Home to millions of people, including indigenous groups  TF/Tropical Moist Forest Characterized by either year-round rainfall or a short dry season of at least four months. Makiling Botanical Gardens TF/TMF/ Tropical Rain Forest Accounts for 2/3 of all TMF Found on parts of the tropics with rainfall of at least 1800mm/year, rainfall evenly distributed throughout the year Temperature in this area does not vary much  Peculiarities of the Rainforest Generally occur on poor soils They have the greatest potential in terms of quality relative to other forests but the smallest potential in terms of quantity Harvesting the huge capital assets in the form of timber often results in serious ecological damage. They cannot be managed without the loss of a large number of species  Peculiarities of the Rainforest These forests are very fragile. They may recover very slowly or not at all from damage. Most of them the are found in developing countries which have shaky economies and are unable to implement effective laws on land use, if this laws exist. Most of them have been or are now being subjected to mechanical logging. These ecosystems are so complex and the interactions of the different components are not yet well known.  The main regions of TRF are: – South American rainforest region including Amazonia (largest and most intact)  The main regions of TRF are: – South American rainforest region including Amazonia (largest and most intact)  The main regions of TRF are: – South American rainforest region including Amazonia (largest and most intact)  The main regions of TRF are: – A region west of the Andes and North of the equator extending to Mexico Costa rica  The main regions of TRF are: – A region west of the Andes and North of the equator extending to Mexico Mount Chirripó in Costa Rica  The main regions of TRF are: – A region west of the Andes and North of the equator extending to Mexico Mombacho cloud forest, Granada, Nicaragua  The main regions of TRF are: – A narrow strip along the Atlantic coast of Brazil where only a few remnants exist Bocaina National Park, Atlantic rainforest, Brazil  The main regions of TRF are: – A narrow strip along the Atlantic coast of Brazil where only a few remnants exist Mata Atlantica, Brazil  The main regions of TRF are: – Malaysian Rainforest Region or Southeast Asian Region. Borneo-Malaya-Sumatra-Philippines with outliners in Andaman islands, Sri Lanka, and the poorer forests of Southwest India Selva de Borneo (Heart of Borneo)  The main regions of TRF are: – Malaysian Rainforest Region or Southeast Asian Region. Borneo-Malaya-Sumatra-Philippines with outliners in Andaman islands, Sri Lanka, and the poorer forests of Southwest India Sinharaja Rainforest Reserve, Sri Lanka  The main regions of TRF are: – Malaysian Rainforest Region or Southeast Asian Region. Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya Island with an outliner along the eastern coast of Australia Sepik River, Papua New Guinea  The main regions of TRF are: – African Rainforest Region - Found along the Atlantic Coast between 10ºN and 5ºS and in the Congo Basin. There are outliners in East Africa Congolese Rainforest  The main regions of TRF are: – African Rainforest Region - Found along the Atlantic Coast between 10ºN and 5ºS and in the Congo Basin. There are outliners in East Africa Congolese Rainforest  The main regions of TRF are: – African Rainforest Region - Found along the Atlantic Coast between 10ºN and 5ºS and in the Congo Basin. There are outliners in East Africa Masoala National Park, Madagascar  The main regions of TRF are: – African Rainforest Region - Found along the Atlantic Coast between 10ºN and 5ºS and in the Congo Basin. There are outliners in East Africa Atsinanana Rainforest, Madagascar TF/TMF/ Tropical Deciduous Forest Can be found along the fringes of TRF Not as complex as rainforests and have more distinct wet and dry seasons. A large part is found in Africa occurring as tall deciduous stands to more open grassland and shrubs Tropical Deciduous Forest Topical deciduous forest during the dry season in Piura-Peru. Tropical Deciduous Forest Topical deciduous forest during the dry season in Piura-Peru.  Tropical Deciduous Forest Wet season Dry season  Tropical Forest May also be classified based on management criteria Primary Forest – Largely unmodified by human activity or only the hunting and gathering activities of indigenous people take place. Secondary forest – forest that are either subjected to light cycle of shifting cultivation or to various logging intensities. They still contain trees and indigenous shrubs Forest Fallow – refers to woody vegetation resulting from shifting cultivation  TF/Tropical Dry Forest These Forests are mostly found in Africa, although there exist extensive tracts in Asia, Latin America, and Australia.  TF/Tropical Dry Forest Teak Forest (dry season) Mudumalai, India  TF/Tropical Dry Forest Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary, India  TF/Tropical Dry Forest Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam tiger reserve, India  TF/Tropical Dry Forest Southern Sonora, Mexico  TF/Tropical Dry Forest Southern Sonora, Mexico  Importance of TDF They perform Protective Functions They protect and cool the soil and maintain soil fertility (direct). They also sequester significant quantities of carbon to reduce global warming (indirect). Even though their contribution to atmospheric moisture is less than rainforests, they are very important in areas having less rainfall. Removing these forests will result in increased albedo effect.  On a hectare for hectare basis, they support large numbers of people and domesticated animals. They provide fuelwood, poles and non- timber forest products They may not contribute significantly to timber exports, but they generate substantial revenues from non-timber forest products like (gum and animal products.  Temperate forests. These cover 2.2 billion ha, 3/4 of which are classified as closed forests. They account for 85% of the coniferous forests In the world, and produce a great bulk of industrial wood. Temperate forests can be: Boreal - These forests are found in Canada, Northern Europe and the former USSR. They include large areas of almost pure single-species stands. Mixed - Those consist of temperate broad- leaved or evergreen forests found near or in subtropical climates. An aerial view of Oscar Lake, Northwest Territories. Canada’s boreal region stretches across 1.2 billion acres and is the planet’s largest remaining intact forest ecosystem. Peyote lake, Alberta, Canada Siberia, Russia Eastern Finland Eastern Australian Temperate Forests, New South Wales to Queensland, Australia Eastern deciduous forest in autumn, United States  Plantation Forests. Before, these forests were cultivated mainly for industrial use. Nowadays, they are also established for conservation, household energy needs and agroforestry purposes Plantations usually grow faster than natural forests and are established to produce a desired species. The species used is usually exotic, and has tested positively in terms of wood quality, growth rate, stem form, disease resistance and manageability. SIX TYPES OF FOREST IN THE PHILIPPINES  DIPTEROCARP FORESTS Occupy the widest area of productive and unproductive forests in the Philippines. Dipterocarp forests can be found in moist valley bottoms, up to hilly or mountain ridges, but not in areas of high altitude. Most of the species in these forests belong to the family Dipterocarpaceae, thus the name. About 75-80% of all forests in the Philippines are of this type PALOSAPIS Anisoptera thurifera Foxw. PALOSAPIS Anisoptera thurifera Foxw. PALOSAPIS Anisoptera thurifera Foxw. HAGAKHAK Dipterocarpus validus Blume. HAGAKHAK Dipterocarpus validus Blume GISOK-GISOK Hopea philippinensis Dyer BAGTIKAN Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. BAGTIKAN Parashorea malaanonan (Blanco) Merr. WHITEShorea LAUAN contorta S.Vidal WHITEShorea LAUAN contorta S.Vidal KALADIS-NARIG Vatica elliptica Foxw.  MOLAVE FOREST Molave forests are found in areas, which have distinct wet and dry seasons. The wood of these species are highly valuable because of their inherent durability and beauty. MOLAVE Vitex parviflora Juss. MOLAVE Vitex parviflora Juss. MOLAVE Vitex parviflora Juss. MOLAVE Vitex parviflora Juss. IPIL Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze IPIL Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze IPIL Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze IPIL Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze IPIL Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal TINDALO Afzelia rhomboidea (Blanco) S.Vidal AKLE Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. AKLE Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. AKLE Albizia acle (Blanco) Merr. BANUYO Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. BANUYO Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. BANUYO Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord. BANUYO Wallaceodendron celebicum Koord.  PINE FORESTS Grow in high altitudes. In the Philippine, most of these forests are found in the Cordillera Mountain Range, while some can be found in some parts of Zambales and Mindoro Low diversity BENGUET PINE Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon BENGUET PINE Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon BENGUET PINE Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon MINDORO PINE Pinus merkusii Jungh. & Vriese MINDORO PINE Pinus merkusii Jungh. & Vriese MINDORO PINE Pinus merkusii Jungh. & Vriese MINDORO PINE Pinus merkusii Jungh. & Vriese  MANGROVE FORESTS found in tidal flats at the mouths of streams and on the shores of sheltered bays. Mangrove forests are the main source of fuelwood for nearby communities Some species are used in the manufacture of rayon. Mangroves are considered threatened because of the widespread conversion of these areas into fishponds in the past. Such practices are no longer allowed today. Siargao island, Philippines BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN BABAE Rhizophora mucronata Lam. BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN LALAKI Rhizophora apiculata Blume BAKAUAN BATO Rhizophora stylosa Griff. BAKAUAN BATO Rhizophora stylosa Griff. BAKAUAN BATO Rhizophora stylosa Griff. BAKAUAN BATO Rhizophora stylosa Griff. BAKAUAN BATO Rhizophora stylosa Griff. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. BUSAING Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. LANGARAI Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. LANGARAI Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. LANGARAI Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. LANGARAI Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. LANGARAI Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. ex Griff. POTOTAN Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. POTOTAN Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. POTOTAN Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir. POTOTAN Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.) Poir.  BEACH FORESTS Grow in shore areas, particularly in sandy beaches and above the high tide line. The species found in these forests include pandannous species, talisai (Terminalia catappa), dapdap (Erythrina orientalis), dungon-late (Heritiera littoralis), agoho (Casuarina equisetifolia). TALISAY Terminalia catappa L. TALISAY Terminalia catappa L. TALISAY Terminalia catappa L. TALISAY Terminalia catappa L. TALISAY Terminalia catappa L. DAPDAP Erythrina variegata L. DAPDAP Erythrina variegata L. DAPDAP Erythrina variegata L. DAPDAP Erythrina variegata L. DAPDAP Erythrina variegata L. DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton DUNGON-LATE Heritiera littoralis Aiton AGOHO Casuarina equisetifolia L. AGOHO Casuarina equisetifolia L. AGOHO Casuarina equisetifolia L. AGOHO Casuarina equisetifolia L. AGOHO Casuarina equisetifolia L.  MID-MOUNTAIN / MOSSY FORESTS thrive in areas of high elevation areas or those with rough terrain. They are not accessible to logging operations and are largely protection forests. The trees growing in these forests are stunted and dwarfed MAKAASIM Syzygium nitidum Benth. MAKAASIM Syzygium nitidum Benth. MAKAASIM Syzygium nitidum Benth. MAKAASIM Syzygium nitidum Benth. MALAKAUAYAN Podocarpus rumphii Blume. MALAKAUAYAN Podocarpus rumphii Blume. MALAKAUAYAN Podocarpus rumphii Blume. MALAKAUAYAN Podocarpus rumphii Blume. MALAKAUAYAN Podocarpus rumphii Blume. MALAALMACIGA Nageia wallichiana (C.Presl) Kuntze MALAALMACIGA Nageia wallichiana (C.Presl) Kuntze MALAALMACIGA Nageia wallichiana (C.Presl) Kuntze MALAALMACIGA Nageia wallichiana (C.Presl) Kuntze  References FDC, Integrated Forestry System of the Philippines, CF-UPLB, 1982. Calderon, M. M., Handouts on FOR 1: Introduction to Forestry, Undated Young, Raymond A. and Giese, Ronald L., Introduction to Forest Ecosystem Science and Management THIRD EDITION, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2003 Gunter, Sven, Michael Weber, Bernd Stimm, and Reinhard Mosandl, Silviculture in the Tropics, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 Holzman, Barbara A., Tropical Forest Biomes, 2008 Montagnini, Florencia and Carl F. Jordan, Tropical Forest Ecology: The Basis for Conservation and Management, Springer Berlin, 2005