Globalization and Identity PDF

Related Issue 1 To what extent should globalization shape identity? Key Issue To what extent should we embrace globalization? Related Issue 1 Related Issue 2 Rel...

Related Issue 1 To what extent should globalization shape identity? Key Issue To what extent should we embrace globalization? Related Issue 1 Related Issue 2 Related Issue 3 Related Issue 4 To what extent should To what extent should To what extent does To what extent should I, globalization shape contemporary society globalization contribute as a citizen, respond to identity? respond to the legacies of to sustainable prosperity globalization? historical globalization? for all people? Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Globalization and Identity Identity and the Forces Identity, the Media , and A ffirming Identity, To what extent does of Globalization Communication Technology L anguage, and Culture globalization To what extent do To what extent is identity To what extent can people shape your identity? identity and the forces of affected by communication respond to globalizing forces globalization shape technology and the media in that affect identity? each other? a globalizing world? Who are you? What are some forces of How is identity affected by How do people affirm and How do you express who globalization? opportunities to communicate promote their language in a you are? How is identity affected by with people around the world? globalizing world? How do collectives express who some economic, political, How is diversity influenced by How do people affirm and they are? environmental, and social the media and communication promote their culture in a How are identities connected dimensions of globalization? technologies? globalizing world? through globalization? How do some forces of How is identity affected by How do governments affirm and globalization present challenges media coverage of world promote languages and cultures to identity? events? in a globalizing world? How do some forces of How is diversity affected by How do international globalization provide the dominance of American organizations affirm and promote opportunities to affirm and media? languages and cultures in a promote identity? globalizing world? The Big Picture Who you are — your identity and how you express it — is not always easy to define, explain, or describe. You change; you grow; you adapt your beliefs, values, and ideas. Around and within you, things happen to reshape your thinking. You are constantly influenced by many forces: your family, your heritage and     language, your peers, the mass media, your religious or     spiritual beliefs, your school, your physical environment,        and your own changing body.  In the prologue, you explored various ideas about the meaning of globalization. In the four chapters of this related issue, you will consider these ideas — and your own — as you explore and evaluate the extent to which globalization should shape identity. You will read about identity and how it is expressed by individuals and groups. You will also examine some of the forces at work in the globalizing world — and explore how these forces affect the development and expression of identity. Some people view globalization as a process that will connect and unite peoples around the world in the realization that everyone shares the same basic needs and aspirations. They view this as a positive process that will bring sustainable prosperity for all. Other people say that globalization will make everyone the same. Diversity will disappear as everyone comes to think and act alike. In the face of powerful globalizing forces, many people, cultures, communities, and governments are struggling to affirm and promote their own identity. They are striving to protect and sustain their individuality, their language, and their culture. The chart on the previous page shows how you will progress through Related Issue 1. As you explore this related issue, you will come to appreciate the complexity of expressions of identity, language, and culture why people strive to affirm and promote their identity, language, and culture how the forces of globalization shape — and are shaped by — identity and culture the challenges and opportunities that globalization presents to identity and culture various points of view and perspectives on the interplay between the globalizing process and identity 15 Your Challenge Create a presentation that responds to the question for this related issue: To what extent should globalization shape identity? 4 Checklist for Success Your Presentation As you prepare your presentation, As you progress through the four chapters of this related issue, you use this checklist to make sure will develop understandings of, and opinions and ideas about, the it includes all the elements connections between identity and globalization — and about how much necessary to be successful. globalization should shape identity. These ideas will become the focus of your presentation, which may My Knowledge and take a variety of forms. It may involve 4 Understanding of the Issue a display Issue is defined in a way that a video presentation shows my understanding of it. an oral presentation (you may wish to support this Facts are clearly expressed. using computer presentation software) Evidence supports my conclusions. an exchange of ideas in the form of e-mail messages or letters My Selection, Analysis, and The purpose of your presentation is to inform the public at large, Evaluation of Information including your classmates and teacher, of your views on the related I have drawn information from a issue — and to persuade your audience to consider the issue from 4 variety of sources. your point of view. The voices selected represent At the end of each chapter, you will have an opportunity to diverse views and acknowledge think about and start preparing the material you will need to meet the existence of alternative views this challenge. and perspectives. My criteria for judgment are clearly What Your Presentation Will Include explained. The four chapters of this related issue encourage you to explore, My conclusions are clearly based analyze, and evaluate identity, the forces of globalization, and the role of on my criteria for judgment. communication technology and the media in a globalizing world, as well Sources and references are cited as how various people and collectives have responded to the challenges accurately. and opportunities presented by globalization. Your presentation will include ideas, data, opinions, points of view, My Presentation and perspectives that clearly show how globalization and identity are My audience is engaged. connected and how they shape — and are shaped by — each other. On 4 I have provided opportunities for the basis of this evidence, it will also include your conclusions about how audience feedback and interaction. much globalization should shape identity. My message is consistent. As you prepare to complete this challenge, use the Checklist for Success to make sure your presentation includes all the elements My presentation is interesting, necessary to be successful. supported by graphics, and uses technology appropriately. 16  If you decide to use computer To what extent should presentation software, your globalization shape identity? presentation might look like this. My Criteria My Identity Includes… --- ----- -- --- -- --- My Friends ------ ----- --- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -- ---- ---- --- -- My Identity Includes… My Conclusion My Family and Heritage --- ----- -- --- -- --- ------ ----- --- ---- ---- ------- ---- ---- -- ---- ---- --- -- Your criteria may be linked to discussions of how you developed them. My Iden tit My Fami y Includes… ly and He ritage Include as many screens as necessary to complete your presentation. Steps to Assembling Your Presentation Step 1 Step 4 Decide on the form your presentation will take. At the conclusion of the four chapters in this Your decision will affect the kind of data you related issue, organize your material into the assemble as you prepare. presentation format you have selected. Add titles, headings, graphics, and other features to make your Step 2 presentation more effective. As you assemble your As you progress through the four chapters of this presentation, remember to keep the related-issue related issue, keep notes for your presentation. To question clearly in focus — and to ask for feedback help do this, you may wish to use a chart like the from a partner or your teacher. one shown. Topic Notes Sources Step 3 Identity I am connected globally Exploring Globalization, p. 36. As you complete your notes through the things I buy. or chart for each chapter, share them with a partner Forces of globalization or your teacher. Use their and identity feedback to revise and refine your material. The media, communication technology, and identity Global responses and identity 17  to what extent should we embrace globalization? Chapter 1 Globalization and Identity C hapter Issue To what extent does globalization shape your identity? The work of art shown on the previous page is a self-portrait — a portrait of the artist by the artist herself. But Joane Cardinal-Schubert’s self-portrait is different. Rather than portraying herself at a particular moment, Cardinal- Schubert uses words and images to create a collage that shows the people and events, ideas and beliefs, that played an important role in her developing sense of herself. Before and After shows her becoming who she is and indicates that her identity is a work in progress. It is not yet complete. In the portrait, Cardinal-Schubert portrays herself as she shapes — and is shaped by — others. Even the frame that surrounds the piece expresses an important aspect of her identity. Examine Before and After carefully. Find and make note of elements, Figure 1-1 Kainai objects, words, and people that show or symbolize artist Joane Cardinal- Schubert created the Cardinal-Schubert’s roots, heritage, and history work of art, titled her connection to the land Before and After, on the previous page. her family at least three different stages in her life who she was when she completed the work what the title she chose — Before and After — expresses about her sense k e y terms of identity context Examine the images that make up the frame of the painting. Cardinal- role model Schubert created this frame to give her audience a message. What do you think this message is? How does this message further your understanding of collective Cardinal-Schubert’s identity? ‹‹‹ Looking Ahead In this chapter, you will explore answers to the following questions: Who are you? How do you express who you are? How do collectives express who they are? How are identities connected through globalization? of View on Globaliza Point tion My Based on your current understanding, use words or images — or both — to express your current point of view on globalization. Date your ideas and keep them in a notebook, learning log, portfolio, or computer file so that you can return to them as you progress through this course. 19  Who are you? Do you carry a document — such as a birth certificate, passport, or student card — that identifies you in some way? Your birth certificate, for example, shows your name, who your parents are, and when and where you were born. Your passport shows some of the same information. It also identifies you as a citizen of Canada or another country. Your student card identifies you as a member of your high school community. You may be a student at St. Mary’s School in Taber, or Lester B. Pearson High School in Calgary, or Bear Creek School in Grande Prairie, or another school. Documents like these give some information about your identity, but this information tells only a small part of the story of who you are. Like the story Joane Cardinal-Schubert told in her artwork, your personal story includes much more than the infor- mation contained in official documents. Many factors will play a role in shaping your identity, just as they have shaped — and will continue to shape — Cardinal-Schubert’s identity. Figure 1-2 Your religious and spiritual beliefs help shape who you are. Are you, for example, a Christian? A Muslim? A Jew? An atheist? A Buddhist? A Confucian? A humanist? Do you hold other religious or spiritual beliefs that shape your identity? Figure 1-3 The role you play in your family is one factor that shapes who you are. Are you, for example, a brother or sister? A daughter or son? An uncle or aunt? A niece or nephew? A stepson or stepdaughter? An only child? A first-born child? A middle child? A youngest child? Do you play another family role that shapes your identity? Figure 1-4 Your interests and talents are other factors that shape who you are. Are you, for example, a hockey player? A soccer player? A baseball fan? A musician? A video gamer? A photographer? Do you have other interests or talents that shape your identity? 20 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR Some Factors That Shape Who You Are Figure 1-5 On Canada Day in 2002, these young people gathered in Your family relationships, your interests and talents, and your religious and Ottawa at the Tomb of the Unknown spiritual beliefs are only some of the factors that shape who you are. Think Soldier. The tomb contains the remains of an unidentified Canadian soldier about other factors that have shaped — and continue to shape — your who died in World War I. What sym- identity. What language(s) do you speak? Do you speak a different language bols of identity do you see? What at home and at school? How does language affect your identity? What aspect of their identity were these traditions do you follow? How do these affect your identity? What is your young people highlighting on July 1, 2002? How does the context — where heritage and history, and how do you view this history? What other factors they are and what they are doing — have been important in shaping your identity? affect the aspect of their identity they Your family, your heritage, your history, your language(s), your traditions, chose to highlight? and many other factors that affect identity are all part of the context — the circumstances or surroundings — in which your identity developed. But context is also important in other ways. It may dictate how you respond in various circumstances. In some contexts, for example, you may be a role model for others who look up to you. Perhaps you are an older brother or sister whom younger siblings rely on for help in making decisions. Or perhaps you are the captain of a sports team, and your teammates look to you for leadership. How might being a role model affect your identity? In different contexts, you may have your own role models to whom you look for guidance. These people may be family members, friends, or public figures whom you admire. What people do you think of as role models for yourself? How might these role models affect your identity? MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 21  When you take on different roles in different contexts, you are high- lighting different aspects of your identity. Sometimes, these roles may be dictated by other people’s expectations of you. Think about the aspects of your identity you highlight at school. How much do the expectations of others affect the way you act? Are the aspects of identity you highlight at school different from those you highlight at home? When you are with friends at the mall? When you are at a concert or playing a sport? When you are taking music lessons or at an after-school club? Time and who you are nne1 ction Co01100110 The passage of time also plays a role in shaping identity. Recall who you were eb As a 01001100100110 when you were six years old. Then think about who you were last year — and W 010011010011001001 Kainai who 100100110010011001001 who you are today. Are you the same as, or different from, the person you struggled to achieve100 100100110010011001001 10011001001100100110010011 were when you were six? Have you changed since last year? How would you recognition as an artist and 0010011001001100100110010011 00100110010011001001100100110 to express her identity through describe yourself as a six-year-old? Last year? Today? Are your descriptions 010011001001100100110010011001 art, Joane Cardinal-Schubert has 0011001001100100110010011001001 different? If so, in what ways? What factors contributed to the changes? 100100110010011001001 100100110010 become a role model for young 0110010011001001100100110010011001 Aboriginal artists. To find out more 0011001001100100110010011001001100 In Before and After, the work of art on the opening page of this chapter, 1001100100110010011001001100100110 about Cardinal-Schubert’s point of 010011001001100100110010011001001 Joane Cardinal-Schubert used words and images to make statements about her view on her identity and 100100110010011001001 100110010011001001100100110010 the fac- 1001001100 identity. Create a mind map showing the words and images you would choose tors that shaped it, go to 01100100110010011001001100100 if you were asked to create a similar collage to describe your identity. Explain 1100100110010011001001100100 this web site and 11001001100100110010011001 follow the links. 001100100110010011001001 the importance of the words and images you would choose. Do you think your 100100110010011001001 10 010011001001100100110 choices will change as you grow older? Why or why not? What frame might 010011001001100 www.ExploringGlobalization.ca you choose to enclose your collage? Why? Keep this mind map for reference as you progress through this chapter. Reflect and Respond If you were asked to choose the five aspects of your identity that Most important aspects of Major influence on this my identity right now aspect of my identity are the most important to you, which would you select? What influences (e.g., language, family, Environmentalist Parents. My parents are heritage, physical location) helped environmentalists who like shape each of the aspects you camping and hiking. My beliefs chose? List your choices on a chart about the importance of the like the one shown. An example is environment come from them. entered for you. One way to answer this question is to imagine what you would miss most if you were required to give it up. If you moved, for example, what would you miss more: your school or the skateboarding park? Share your ideas with a partner or a small group. When you finish this discussion, decide whether you wish to change your choices. 22 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR How do you express who you are? Every day, you tell the world about yourself in many different ways. The language(s) you speak, the friends you choose, the clothes you wear, the food you eat, the things you buy, the music you listen to, the leisure activities you choose — and many other actions you take — all express aspects of your identity. They make statements about who you are. One important way Joane Cardinal-Schubert, the Kainai artist whose work appears on the first page of this chapter, expresses her identity is by creating works of art that reflect her Aboriginal heritage. Other people choose different ways of expressing aspects of their identity. Hindus, for example, express part of their identity that is rooted in their heritage by not eating beef. Other people choose not to eat meat because they believe that animals should not be killed to provide food for human beings. This choice expresses a belief that is an important aspect of their identity. Return to the mind map you created earlier. It contains words and images you would include in a collage that describes your identity. With a partner, discuss how you express the aspects of identity you described. If you described yourself as a skateboarder, for example, you might say that you express this aspect of your identity by dressing in skater gear and using skater slang. Record notes about your discussion on your mind map. Expressing Individual Identity: Traditions Many people of Iranian heritage continue to celebrate Chahar Shanbeh Suri, or Last Wednesday. This is an ancient festival that celebrates the coming of a new year and coincides with the spring equinox. On the last Tuesday of the year, Iranians build — and jump over — a bonfire to symbolize purification. They believe that jumping over the fire will banish illness and bad luck. Figure 1-6 The young people This festival is one example of a tradition that expresses an aspect of in these pictures are expressing identity. Other people follow different traditions. For many people of aspects of their identity through the way they dress and their body Finnish heritage, for example, a sauna — a kind of sweat bath — is an decorations. What aspect of her or important tradition that expresses an aspect of their identity. They believe his identity do you think each young that a sauna not only cleans and heals the body, but also purifies the mind. person is expressing? Other people may say special prayers, eat certain foods, wear specific clothing, gather to perform certain rituals, or follow other traditions. Individuals, families, and groups may also create their own traditions. What traditions do you follow? How does each express an aspect of your identity? Expressing Individual Identity: Language Suppose it is snowing outside. What words might you use to describe this? Perhaps you would say that light snow is falling or that it is snowing heavily. You might also say that the snow is wet, powdery, or drifting. No matter how you put the words together, if you are speaking English, you would nearly always use a form of the word “snow” in your description. This is because English has relatively few words for snow. MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 23  Language and worldview Compare this with the many different words that describe snowy conditions FYI in Inuktitut, the language spoken by the Inuit who live in Canada’s North. Here are some other Inuit words that describe specific kinds of snow. An Inuk might say “mauja” to describe soft, deep snow or “apirlaat” to describe new-fallen snow. The Inuit also use many other words to describe akkilokipok soft snow aput snow on the ground specific kinds of snow or snow conditions. What factors might explain the aput masannartuq slush on the ground difference in the way the idea “snow” is expressed in English and Inuktitut? mangiggal or mangikaajaaq hard snow How does this aspect of identity reflect a sense of place? nittaalaq air that is thick with snow nittaalaaqqat hard grains of snow Many language experts and anthropologists — people who study pukak fine snow (like salt) or snow crust people, societies, and customs — believe that language expresses the way qaniit falling snow or snow in the air people view and understand the world around them. As a result, they say, putsinniq or puvvinniq wet snow on language is an important aspect of people’s identity. top of ice tipvigut snowdrift Think about how, where, and why you learned the language or languages you speak. What aspect(s) of your identity are you expressing when you speak English? Do you speak another language? If so, what aspect(s) of your identity are you expressing when you speak this language? Ideas Does your identity change when you speak a different language? The students responding to this question are Deven, who was born in India but is now a Canadian who lives in Calgary; Gord, a member of the Beaver First Nation near High Level; and Marie, a Francophone student from Medicine Hat. Marie Gord Deven How would you respond to the question Deven, Gord, and Marie are Your Turn answering? If you speak only English, how do you think this affects your response? If you speak English and at least one other language, how do you think this affects your response? Explain the reasons for your answer. 24 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR Expressing Individual Identity: Clothing and Body Adornment Think about what you’re wearing today. Do your clothing choices express aspects of your identity? Are you dressed in a way that reflects your interests, heritage, traditions, or beliefs? Wearing a jacket, jersey, or cap that sports a team logo may make a statement about one of your interests. Wearing a T-shirt splashed with a slogan may make a statement about a cause you believe in. Wearing a yarmulke, turban, hijab, or crucifix may make a statement about your Figure 1-7 In India and Pakistan, women religious beliefs. Dressing in the latest style may make a statement about the traditionally decorate their hands and role of fashion in your sense of identity. Wearing items purchased in a vintage feet with mehendi to celebrate festive occasions. Henna paste is used to cre- or used-clothing shop may make a statement about other beliefs you hold. ate the ornate designs. How does this Even the clothes you choose not to wear may express aspects of your identity. expression of identity compare with the People who choose not to wear clothing that displays trendy brand names may way some North American women deco- be expressing a belief that is important to them. The same may be true of peo- rate their hands and feet? ple who choose not to wear leather or fur. What might these beliefs be? Tattoos and piercing Just as clothing is often an expression of identity, so is body adornment. People have been adorning their bodies for thousands of years. Women in Iran, for example, have been wearing earrings in their pierced ears for more than 4000 years. Body piercing was also popular in India and Pakistan, as well as in other ancient cultures, such as the Aztecs and Maya of Mexico. Tattoos are another ancient form of body adornment. At various times, peoples such as Egyptians, Polynesians, Maoris, Maya, Incas, Celts, Danes, Japanese, Samoans, Saxons, and Scots wore tattoos to make statements about themselves. Their tattoos might have shown their marital status or membership in a clan or other group. They might also have commemorated important battles, journeys, or visions. Figure 1-8 This young man might be In many Western societies, piercing and tattooing were frowned on for a surprised to learn that body piercing has a long tradition in many cultures. long time. Even today, some cultures, such as Jews and Rastafarians, What statement might he be making prohibit marking the skin. Among other groups, however, body decoration about his identity? has become a popular way of making a statement about individual identity. Reflect and Respond Choose a holiday, ceremony, or tradition that you participate in. It might be religious (e.g., Christmas Silly but fun Part of the group or Ramadan), family (e.g., a birthday or reunion), Happy school-based (e.g., graduation or a field trip), or Wear spiritual (e.g., a solitary retreat). party hats Sing songs Create a word web with the holiday, ceremony, or tradition at the centre. Around it, group words Wanted and phrases that describe the event (e.g., special BIRTHDAY clothing or adornments, special language used or Eat birthday prayers said). To each of these words or phrases, Lucky link words and phrases that describe how each cake Get presents connects you to the celebration or your feelings Loved about each. An example is shown. MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 25  How do collectives express who they are? When you follow a particular tradition, speak a particular language, wear specific clothing, or adorn your body with particular decorations, you may be expressing aspects of your individual identity. But at the same time, you may also be expressing your identity as a member of a group, or collective. You may belong to many collectives. There are many understandings of what it means to be a member of a collective. Some people are born into and maintain their affiliation with a particular collective because they develop deep-seated values and beliefs associated with the ideas, language, traditions, religion, and spirituality of others in the collective. Collectives and Identity When you were younger, your family was probably the most important col- Voices ; lective in your life. Your family helped shape aspects of your identity and probably defined the collectives you belonged to. Your family, for example, would have defined the first language you spoke and the cultural traditions My work springs from personal you followed. If your parents or guardians belonged to a collective such as experience, but is related to a larger cultural ethic. a church, synagogue, mosque, or temple, you probably did, too. You would have learned the beliefs, traditions, and rituals followed by members of this — Joane Cardinal-Schubert, Kainai artist collective, and these would have played an important role in shaping your individual identity and your identity as a member of the collective. As you grew older, however, other collectives may have begun to play a role in shaping aspects of your identity. When you were a young child, for example, you may have worn the clothes your parents or guardians chose for you. Their choices may have been influenced by a number of factors, including their beliefs about appropriate dress for young children. As you grew older, however, you may have begun making your own clothing choices. And these choices may have been influenced more by what others in your collective of friends were wearing than by what your parents or guardians wanted you to wear. Return to the mind map you created earlier. It contains words and images you would include in a collage that describes your identity. With a partner, discuss which words and images reflect your membership in a collective. If being a skateboarder is one aspect of your identity, for example, you might belong to a collective of skaters who practise tricks after school. You might also belong to an organized skateboarding club. Figure 1-9 How are the people in these photographs expressing their collective identity? To what extent do you think their choices were influenced by where they live? What other factors may have influenced their choices? To what extent do you think their choices are influenced by their individual iden- tity? By their collective identity? 26 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR Expressing Collective Identity: Language What is the purpose of language? Why do people learn the sounds and symbols Voices ; that make up a language? From earliest infancy, babies hear the sounds used by older children and Without language, we humans adults. And when babies imitate these sounds, they are praised and rewarded. have no way of knowing what lies beneath the surface of one Think, for example, about how a father responds when a baby says “dada” for another. Yet there are commu- the first time. The father’s delight is a powerful motivator for the baby to nications that take place on a continue saying “dada.” level that goes deeper than our As babies begin to distinguish the sounds they hear, they learn that different somewhat limited spoken lan- guages. We read one another via sounds have different meanings and that they can manipulate these sounds to gesture, stance, facial expression, express their needs. They learn to communicate — in the language they hear scent. And sometimes this com- spoken around them. This language is an important shaper of their identity. munication is more honest, more comprehensible, than the words Anthropologists such as Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee believe that language we utter. shapes and determines how people perceive and understand the world. People — Linda Hogan, Chickasaw poet, who speak different languages view the world differently. How might this be so? novelist, and essayist Some links between language and identity Just as language is an important aspect of individual identity, it is also an important aspect of collective identity. Leroy Little Bear, a Kainai writer and professor of Native studies, has described how people’s individual and collective identity are linked through language. “Language embodies the way a nne1 ction society thinks,” Little Bear wrote. “Through learning and speaking a particular Co01100110 language, an individual absorbs the collective thought processes of a people.” eb 01001100100110 W Some 010011010011001001 Language can help unite people. In Québec, for example, speaking 100100110010011001001 children are born 100 100100110010011001001 French helps unite people of various backgrounds. Many Francophones are deaf or become deaf at 10011001001100100110010011 0010011001001100100110010011 an early age. This means that native-born Québecers, and many native-born Québecers are the descendants 00100110010011001001100100110 they cannot hear the language 010011001001100100110010011001 of French settlers who arrived in Canada centuries ago. But other Québecers 0011001001100100110010011001001 spoken around them.100100110010 100100110010011001001 How does are more recent immigrants from countries, such as Haiti, Lebanon, and 0110010011001001100100110010011001 this affect the development 0011001001100100110010011001001100 of their Egypt, where French is spoken. Speaking the same language — French — identity? To find out more about the 1001100100110010011001001100100110 010011001001100100110010011001001 language and personal develop- gives people from various cultural backgrounds something in common. They 100100110010011001001 1001001100 ment of children who are deaf, 100110010011001001100100110010 belong to the same official-language collective. 01100100110010011001001100100 go to this web site and 1100100110010011001001100100 Examine Figure 1-10. It is possible for Francophones to live and work in follow the links. 11001001100100110010011001 001100100110010011001001 100100110010011001001 10 French in any of the cities shown on the pie charts. But if you were a Francophone 010011001001100100110 010011001001100 who planned to immigrate to Canada, would the information shown on the www.ExploringGlobalization.ca charts influence your decision about which city to settle in? Explain why or why not. How might your identity affect your decision — and vice versa? Figure 1-10 People Who Use Only English or Only French as Their Language of Work in Selected Canadian Cities Montréal Toronto Winnipeg Calgary Vancouver French 85% French 0.1% French 0.4% French 0.08% French 0.08% People who use only English at work People who use only French at work Source: Statistics Canada, 2001 Census MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 27  Affirming collective identity In Québec, Francophones form a majority of the population, but in other CheckForward provinces, they form a minority — sometimes a small minority. In Alberta, Chapter 4 will explore more connections between for example, Francophones make up a little more than two per cent of the language and identity and how population. What challenges might their small number present to Franco- these connections shape — and are shaped by — globalization. Albertans who wish to affirm their identity as Francophones? One way Francophone Albertans affirm their identity is by founding associations and institutions to protect and affirm their rights and to affirm their collective identity. Founded in 1926, l’Association canadienne-française de l’Alberta is an example of an association for this purpose. Similarly, la ect Francophonie jeunesse de l’Alberta is an association for young people between C onn 1 ion the ages of 14 and 25. It was formed in the 1970s to encourage Alberta’s b 01100110 We 01001100100110 Francophone youth to promote their identity, and its aims are like those of 010011010011001001 100100110010011001001 To find out 1001001 l’Association canadienne-française de l’Alberta. Francophone schools are 100100110010011001001 more about how la 100100110010011001001100100110 examples of institutions the community has founded to provide French first- 0100110010011001001100100110010 Francophonie jeunesse de 011001001100100110010011001001100 language education and to affirm the identity of students. Why would it be l’Alberta affirms and promotes 1001100100110010011001001100100110 010011001001 100100110010011001001 especially important for young people to be part of associations and institu- the identity of French-speaking 1001001100100110010011001001100 youth, go to this web site 100110010011001001100100110010 tions that affirm their language and identity? 011001001100100110010011001001 and follow the links. 10010011001001100100110010011 Other groups also form organizations to ensure that their voices are 001001100100110010011001001 100100110010011001001 1001001 heard and to affirm and promote their rights, language, culture, and 10010011001001100100110010 01100100110010011001001 heritage. Some Canadians of Chinese heritage, for example, formed the 1001001100100110010 www.ExploringGlobalization.ca 01100100110010 Chinese Canadian National Council, which has chapters in many cities 0110 across the country. In Alberta, many Métis have united under the banner of the Métis Nation of Alberta. How might creating organizations like these help members of various collectives affirm their identity? Figure 1-11 In the photograph on the left, a Montréal shop displays signs in three languages. What are the languages? The photograph at the top right shows the sign at a McDonald’s restaurant in China, and the photo at the bottom right shows how Coca-Cola products are presented for sale in Saudi Arabia. In all three instances, what aspects of customers’ identity are these commercial enterprises appealing to? What challenges might businesses face when selling products in global markets? 28 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR Slang, Jargon, and Collective Identity Are you sagging? Chilling? Flamboasting? As a teenager, Figure 1-12 All the people in this cartoon speak English, yet you probably understand what these slang terms mean. they do not speak the same “language.” How does this cartoon But do your teachers? Or your parents? What is some show the misunderstandings that can occur when people do not other up-to-date slang you and your friends use? Why speak the same “language”? do you use these terms? Slang is often defined as a collection of terms used by the members of a social collective, such as teenagers. Jargon is similar to slang. It, too, is a collection of terms, but it is often used by members of professional collectives, such as computer technicians, teachers, doctors, and musicians. Language experts believe that people use slang and jargon to avoid long descriptions and explanations to convey precise meaning to other members of the collective to affirm their identity as a member of a particular collective Using slang and jargon maintains group solidarity because everyone in the collective understands the same “language,” while those outside the group do not. People feel a sense of belonging to the collective when they share this special language with one another, and this sense of belonging helps affirm their identity as a mem- ber of the collective. Such a friendly new neighbour, Cecil— we’ve been invited to something called a rave up to-night! Gender-neutral language and identity For centuries, English used the masculine form of many words to apply to both men and women. FYI “Mankind,” for example was the word used for all human lt, even Communicating between cultures is sometimes difficu beings. Someone who chaired a group was usually called when people know each other’s langua ge. The follow ing are nies ran into proble ms when they a “chairman,” and “policemen” and “firemen” helped examples of how large compa y from English to keep people safe. tried to translate advertising messages directl messa ge was definit ely lost another language. In each case, the In the 20th century, more women began to enter in translation. positions and occupations that had traditionally been the When Branif f Airways translated a slogan promoting dominated by men. As this happened, the words commonly leather upholstery on its seats, “Fly in leathe r” came out in used to describe these positions and occupations changed to Spanis h as “Fly naked.” to gender-neutral terms that could describe both women and When Chevrolet introduced a model called the Nova countr ies, it did not sell well. In Spanis h, men. Someone who chaired a meeting came to be called Spanish-speaking “No va” means “It doesn’ t go.” the “chairperson” or “chair.” “Policemen” came to be called the “police officers,” and “firemen” changed to “firefighters.” When Pepsi started marketing its products in China, its slogan — “Pepsi brings you back to company translated And people began replacing “mankind” with words like life” — literall y. But in Chines e, it came out as “Pepsi brings “humanity” and “humankind.” English became more your ancestors back from the grave.” inclusive. When Clairol introduced its “Mist Stick” curling iron What difference do you think these changes in the to Germany, the company found that “mist” is slang for “manure.” Not many people had use for a manure stick. way people use English would make to the identity of young men? Of young women? MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 29  Collective Identity and Context Think about the various contexts in which you interact with others. Your list might include the following: at home with family members at school in classes after school with a sports team or club at a house of worship with other worshippers at the mall with friends In each of these contexts, you may be expressing an aspect of your collective identity — and each collective probably has ground rules that its members accept without question. These “rules” may be written or unwritten, and they may be expressed in the form of customs, traditions, and rituals that affirm the beliefs and identity of members of the collective. If you are a Muslim attending mosque, for example, you probably remove your footwear before entering. If you are a member of a hockey team, you may wear a uniform for games. If you are eating lunch in the school cafeteria with friends, you may sit in a specific area and pepper your conversation with particular slang. These formal and informal customs, traditions, and rituals affirm your identity as a member of a particular collective. Figure 1-13 Most cultures mark occasions with special ceremonies. What special ceremonies are shown in these photographs? How are the people in these photographs showing their membership in the collective that is marking each occasion? 30 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR  The context in which you interact with others may be as specific as Figure 1-14 What ritual are the your own backyard or school, but it may also be much broader. Context people in this photograph observing? may refer to the broader community or landscape in which your identity How do you know? Why would this develops. If you live in a city, you will be accustomed to seeing and dealing ritual be important to their collective with various things in your urban surroundings. If you live in a rural area, identity? Examine the photograph and identify as many elements of the the things you see and deal with may be quite different. What might some ritual as you can (e.g., dressing in a of these urban and rural things be? How might they affect your identity? certain way as a sign of respect). Reflect and Respond List five collectives you belong to (e.g., your class at Compare your list with that of a partner. In what school). Identify at least one purpose for each col- ways are they the same? In what ways are they lective — and at least one custom, tradition, or ritual different? Discuss reasons for the similarities and followed by the members of each collective. differences. How do the similarities and differences reflect similarities and differences in your identity and that of your partner? Collective Purpose Tradition My class To learn together Taking attendance at beginning of class MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 31 Impact Impact The Struggle of the Lubicon Cree to Affirm Their Identity In 1973, war broke out half a world away from the Lubicon Cree of northern Alberta — but it changed their lives forever. Israel and a group of Arab nations led by Egypt and Syria were fighting what came to be known as the Yom Kippur War. The United States and many European countries supported Israel, while Saudi Arabia and many of the oil-rich countries of the Middle East supported Egypt and Syria. Many of the Middle Eastern countries belonged to and trapped. The roads also opened up the area to other the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. development. In the years that followed, a sour gas OPEC members decided to stop shipping oil to the plant was built, and the Daishowa Paper Manufacturing United States and other countries that supported Israel. Co., an international corporation based in Japan, This helped create an energy shortage, and the price of opened a pulp mill nearby in Peace River. The Alberta oil quadrupled. government granted Daishowa logging rights to a huge In 1952, oil had been discovered in the territory area that included nearly all the Lubicon territory. To where the Lubicon Cree traditionally hunted, trapped, feed the mill, up to 11 000 trees a day are cut. and fished. When OPEC stopped shipping oil to the U.S., Americans began to look to Canada to supply more of their oil — and the oil and gas in Lubicon Effects on the Lubicon Cree Way of Life territory became very valuable. To help resource When resource companies started moving into the companies gain access to it, the Alberta government territory where the Lubicon Cree hunted, fished, and started building roads into the area. trapped, the forests began to disappear. As the for- The roads enabled oil and gas companies to set up ests disappeared, so did the animals that lived there. and service oil wells on land where the Lubicon hunted This destroyed the Lubicon way of life. Figure 1-15 Lubicon Cree and Global Connections 1952 Oil discovered in Canada Lubicon territory. Alberta Ottawa Japan 1899 United States Syria 1988 Lubicon Cree Israel Alberta government 1973 are overlooked Egypt 1973 United States looks when Canadian grants logging rights Yom Kippur War breaks to Alberta for oil government and to 30 000 square out in Middle East. after oil-producing First Nations of large kilometres in northern countries of Middle area of northwestern Alberta to Daishowa East cut off oil Canada sign Paper Manufacturing supply to U.S. Treaty 8. Co. of Japan. and parts of Europe. Legend Lubicon Lake Edmonton 32 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR  Impact ImpactImpactImpact Impact Impact Impact Impact Effects of Resource Development Estimated Receipts from Oil and Gas Revenues on the Lubicon Way of Life and Royalties in Lubicon Territory Indicator 1979 1983 To Alberta To Resource Annual moose Government in To Lubicon 219 19 Companies harvest Royalties Annual trapping $13 billion $2.6 billion $0 $5000 $400 income per family Source: Friends of the Lubicon Welfare rate Less than 10% More than 90% The Lubicon Affirm Their Identity Source: Friends of the Lubicon One tactic governments used to avoid signing a treaty with the Lubicon Cree was to deny their identity as The Roots of the Conflict a separate Aboriginal nation. In 1942, for example, The roots of the conflict over title to Lubicon terri- a federal official decided that some band members tory go back to 1899, when Treaty 8 was signed by the were not Aboriginal people and deleted their names federal government and many of the First Nations who from the band list. Similar tactics have been used in live in present-day northern Alberta. But some bands later decades. who lived in remote areas were missed. The Lubicon But Chief Bernard Ominayak and many Lubicon were one of them. They did not sign Treaty 8. have refused to give up their identity. In the 1980s, Because of this, their territory is considered crown they launched a campaign to win support for their land — land that is owned and controlled by the cause and to press the Alberta and federal govern- government. The government collects the oil and gas ments to recognize their claim, compensate them for royalties and other fees related to the development of what they have lost, and grant them a reserve on the crown land. shore of Lubicon Lake. For more than 100 years, the Lubicon have been To gain support for their struggle, the Lubicon have trying to correct the Treaty 8 oversight and negotiate appealed to international organizations, such as the a treaty that affirms their right to control their terri- World Council of Churches, Amnesty International, and tory. They also say that they are entitled to a share the United Nations Human Rights Committee. All these of the royalties and fees from the developments that organizations have supported their claim. The Lubicon have destroyed their way of life. So far, their efforts are also supported by many other Aboriginal people, as have been unsuccessful. well as groups such as Friends of the Lubicon. Explorations 1. Create a timeline showing the events that have 3. Name at least two ways the identity of the Lubicon affected the identity of the Lubicon Cree. For each Cree has been challenged. Think about the aspects event, write a phrase or sentence that identifies its of your own identity you described earlier in this connection to the Lubicon Cree. chapter. How would you respond if someone told you that you are wrong about one or more aspects of your 2. Think about your understandings of globalization so identity — that you are not who you say you are? far. Name at least two aspects of globalization that have affected the Lubicon. Would you rate these effects as positive or negative? Explain why. MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 33 FOCUS ON SKILLS developing an informed position focus on Skills When award-winning Montréal journalist John Goddard first learned about the Lubicon Cree in the early 1980s, he was a reporter for Canadian Press, a news agency. He became interested in the Lubicons’ struggle to assert their rights and affirm their identity and wanted to find out more. He set about doing this, and in 1991, he published a book titled Last Stand of the Lubicon Cree. In the book, he wrote The story of the Lubicon Cree shows what can happen in Canada when a native community tries to assert rights to a territory rich in oil. It demonstrates that many people in Canada care deeply about the well-being of native peoples; but it also reveals to what extremes of deceit and cruelty federal and provincial governments are prepared to go to crush native rights … Over time, I began to make a connection between the assertion of Lubicon land rights and the differing way in which [Lubicon chief Bernard] Ominayak and I relate to the world. Gradually, I went from thinking of Aboriginal rights as historical baggage — a trick native people were using to get more than they deserve — to appreciating how essential the recognition of such rights is to the well-being of Canadian native peoples, and to the general prosperity of the country. Suppose you were developing an informed position in response to this question: What is the fairest way of resolving the issues that divide the Lubicon Cree and the Alberta and federal governments? The following steps can help you do this. You can use the same steps to respond to many other questions you will encounter as you progress through this course. Steps to Developing an Informed Position Step 1: Consider many perspectives Step 2: Decide where to look for information Work with a partner to discuss answers to the Work with your partner to research possible sources following questions: of information. These may include books, magazines, If Last Stand of the Lubicon Cree were your only newspapers, web sites, personal interviews, and so source of information about the Lubicons’ struggle on. Record your ideas in the third column of the chart. to assert their rights and affirm their identity, what conclusions might you reach? When developing an informed position, it is impor- Step 3: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses tant to consider many perspectives. How would of the information sources considering many perspectives before arriving at a Different information sources provide differing conclusion strengthen your position? information. The reliability and objectivity of sources With your partner, review the feature on the may also vary. With your partner, review your list previous two pages. Then brainstorm to create a list of of possible sources and, in the fourth column of the at least eight individuals, groups, and organizations that chart, make notes on possible strengths and weak- have a stake in the outcome of the Lubicons’ struggle nesses of each. to assert their rights and affirm their identity. To do this, you may wish to create a chart like the one shown on the following page. Record your list of stakeholders in the first column. Some examples have Step 4: Compare your ideas with a group been partly filled in for you. You will fill in the other With your partner, join one or two other pairs. columns as you complete Steps 2 to 4. Compare your charts. Discuss the information and With your partner, review the list of stakeholders. notes you have included on your charts. On your In the second column, record what you think their chart, record new ideas you may have developed as interests in the Lubicon struggle might be. you participated in this discussion. 34 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR  FOCUS ON SKILLS Focus On skills Focus On skills focus on Skills focus on skills focus on Skills What is the fairest way of resolving the issues that divide the Lubicon Cree and the Alberta and federal governments? Stakeholder Possible Perspective Possible Sources of Possible Strengths and Information Weaknesses of Sources Lubicon Cree Way of life has been Last Stand of the Detailed. Old - destroyed Lubicon Cree published 1991. Want title to land Friends of the Lubicon Up to date. May be recognized web site biased in favour of the Want identity affirmed Lubicon. Member of Lubicon Will give a personal band or someone who point of view. May be is helping them in their biased in favour of the struggle Lubicon. Workers at Daishowa Want to preserve jobs Daishowa web site May be biased in pulp mill, loggers, or other Want community to favour of the company. people involved in pulp remain prosperous Peace River Gazette Up to date. Should be industry objective. Mill worker, logger, or Will give a personal other person involved in perspective. pulp industry Officials of town of Need jobs to keep Town web site May be biased to the Peace River community prosperous extent that conclusions are suspect. Peace River Gazette Up to date. Should be objective. Summing up If you were to continue your research and formulate an informed position in response to the question of the fairest way to resolve the issues that divide the Lubicon Cree and the Alberta and federal governments, what do you think your response would be? Would considering the perspectives identified on your chart influence your position? Explain how. MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 35 Figure 1-16 How are identities Symbolic white string bracelet Made in connected through globalization? Canada is worn by some Buddhists One perspective on globalization suggests that it is a process by which the world’s citizens are becoming more connected and interdependent. Made in Japan The connections that link people to one another take many forms and are expanding faster than ever before. These connections make everyone more interdependent — and affect everyone’s identity. Think about the wide range of connections in your life. You may not Made actually travel to China, India, or the United States, but international trade in USA connects you directly to people in these countries. Where, for example, was the shirt or top you are wearing manufactured? Where was the TV program Made in you watched last night produced? What about the banana you ate for break- Indonesia fast? Where did it come from? Trade is not the only link between people. You may, for example, share a Made in Made in connection with people in other parts of the world through your religious or Korea Thailand spiritual beliefs. Or you may share an enthusiasm for a sport or a particular kind of music. Coltan and Connected Identities About half of Canadians — more than 15 million people — owned a cellphone in 2005. One of the components of cellphones is a metal called coltan, which is short for columbite-tantalite. Coltan helps control the flow of electricity in a cellphone’s miniature circuits. It serves the same purpose in other electronic equipment, such as laptop computers and MP3 players. Much of the world’s coltan is mined in the eastern region of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This means that when you use a cell- phone, boot up your laptop computer, or listen to music you have downloaded, you may be linking your identity with the identity of a Congolese coltan miner. The rising demand for coltan has increased the value of this metal — and this has sparked conflict in the Central Sudan Democratic Republic of Congo, a country that was African Republic already torn by brutal civil wars. To survive, some people turned to coltan mining. But this is danger- C o ng o River ous work. Because this metal is so valuable, groups of Republic Coltan Uganda Mining armed thieves try to steal it. This often places miners’ of Region Congo Democratic Goma lives in danger. Republic Rwanda Bukavu of Congo Burundi Kinshasa Figure 1-17 Democratic Republic of Congo Lake Tanzania Tanganyika Impact of Civil Wars Number of People Who Have Died: 4 million Angola Number of Refugees Created: 3 million 0 250 500 Legend kilometres Zambia Capital 36 To what extent should globalization shape identity? MHR Mountain gorillas threatened Coltan mining also presents another challenge. Much of the DRC’s coltan is mined in the Kahuzi-Biega National Park, home of the mountain gorilla. To make mining easier, the land in the area was cleared. This reduced the gorillas’ food supply. It also destroyed the way of life of people who lived in the area. Desperate for money, some people have killed gorillas and sold the meat to coltan miners. As a result, the mountain gorilla population has dropped by half. Coltan mining has also affected gorillas in the DRC’s eight other national parks, where the number of eastern lowland gorillas has Figure 1-18 Coltan is mined by digging holes in streams. As the miners slosh the declined by 90 per cent to about 3000. water around the hole, the coltan ore settles to the bottom, where it is collected. A team of miners can collect a kilogram of coltan a day. How might the livelihood Create a flow chart to show how your of miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo be affected if companies stop identity is connected to the identity of buying their coltan? coltan miners in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Explain your chart to a partner and be prepared to answer questions about it. PROFILE PROFILE PROFILEPROFILE AYsha Wills PROFILE Global Citizen When a tsunami crashed ashore in Southeast Asia on December 26, 2004, govern- ments, aid organizations, and individuals rushed to help the survivors. By February 2005, however, people had started to forget about the tsunami. But Aysha Wills, who was 10 years old at the time, could not forget. She wanted to help. Aysha, a musician, asked her teachers at Edmonton’s Tempo School to help her organize a benefit concert for the tsunami survivors. Members of the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra, Senator Tommy Banks, and other artists joined her — and raised more than $600 000. Aysha later explained some of the influences that helped shape her identity. I was born in Canada into a family with a Vietnamese-Chinese mom and a New Zealander dad, who had met in Turkey and were living in Hong Kong... Luckily, my parents were both very proud of their own cultures and at the same time fascinated by the cultures they had encountered in their many years of travelling. They managed to pass this fascination on to me, and my first five years growing up in Hong Kong gave me opportunities to travel Figure 1-19 Aysha Wills is the to many countries, to meet people from all over the world and most importantly... to eat first youth heritage ambassador their food! In fact, food and music are my two favourite things in life, and I love having the of the Heritage Community chance to hear something new or taste something different. Foundation in Edmonton. MHR To what extent does globalization shape your identity? 37  Globalization: Beyond Individual and Collective Identities In the summer of 2006, people around the world connected with one another through a sporting event. Soccer teams from 32 countries, including Germany, Italy, France, Japan, Ghana, Brazil, and Saudi Arabia, went to Germany to play in the finals of the World Cup. Team supporters, in their home country or in the country to which they had immigrated, identified with their teams and celebrated their participation. Thanks to global communication systems, a shared interest connected soccer fans around the world. For a couple