Module 4.1 Global Media, Culture, and Identity PDF

---------------------------------------------------------- permanent codification of economic, ------ cultural, religious, and political practice. Knowledge, beli...

---------------------------------------------------------- permanent codification of economic, ------ cultural, religious, and political practice. Knowledge, beliefs, and Module 4.1 behaviors were written and made available for transmission to the Global Media, Culture and Identity next generation and to other nations and cultures. What is Culture? Printing Press Refers to the unified style of human Allowed the continuous production, knowledge, beliefs, and behavior reproduction, and circulation of from which people learn, and the print materials. Written documents ability to communicate knowledge were mass produced which gave to the next generations. everyone access to information that Its development has been mainly was once available only to the rich, influenced by media. powerful, and religious. This period of media development Media affected globalization by transforming various institutions A tool for the interaction of people such as schools, markets, businesses, with different cultures. churches, governments, and armies, A carrier of culture. among others. can be broadly defined as communication that is delivered Electronic Media communication that is delivered through some type of medium (TV, Is characterized by its use of radio, newspaper, computer). electricity. It includes the telegraph, telephone, Development of Media radio, film, and television. The wide reach of these media Oral Communication continues to open up new perspectives in the economic, Language allowed humans to political, and cultural processes of communicate and share information. globalization. It became the most important tool for exploring the world and the Digital Media different cultures. It helped people move and settle down. Oral Relies on digital codes. communication led to markets, It can be created, modified, and trade, and cross-continental trade stored in any digital electronic routes. device. Digitalized content is transmitted Script over the internet and computer networks. Allowed humans to communicate In Poltics, candidates use this over a larger space and for a much media to campaign and advance longer duration since distance their platforms. became a hindrance to oral communication. It allowed the  In Economics, it allows the service in a global market that is advertisement of products and customized for the local people in online business transactions. the country which it is sold. Globalization on Culture (Pieterse, 2001) Cultural Differentialism: Emphasizes the maintenance of distinct cultural identities. Cultural Differentialism Cultural Convergence: Highlights the trend towards cultural similarity and the influence Views cultural difference as of dominant cultures. immutable. As the West and non- Cultural Hybridity: Focuses on the blending Western civilizations interact or are and innovation that arises from cultural brought in contact through interactions. globalization, clash of civilizations such as that of the West and Islam ---------------------------------------------------------- logically follows. ------ Cultural Convergence Module 4.2 Suggests that globalization The Globalization of Religion engenders a growing sameness of cultures. However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture. Religion For instances, K-pop culture. Durkheim's definition: " A religion is Some teenage filipino prefer to a unified system of beliefs and dress up like their South korean practices relative to sacred things, idols. that is to say, things set apart and Cultural hybridity forbidden -- beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral suggests that globalization spawns community called a Church, all those an increasing and ongoing mixing of who adhere to them. cultures. The Chabacano, a Spanish-based Effects of Globalization in Religion creole language of the 1.) Globalization gave rise to religious Zamboanga City and of some nationalism parts of Cavite, which exemplifies hybridity in language Came about after the Second World prompted by the merging of two War cultures. Nationalism was closely associated with particular religious beliefs and Glocalization affiliation. Term coined from globalization and 2.) Globalization led to the turn of religion localization into public life A new concept brought about by the increased frequency of contract Reaction to post- World War II among cultures. modernism. "Glocalization" is a term coined by A good example of this is the often sociologist Roland Robertson in the forceful entrance of religious late 1990s and it refers to product or  traditions from private sphere to result of global migration (Campbell, public life, such as the Catholic (2007) liberation and Islamic The starting point for the spread of fundamentalism. religions. Now, is the recipient of a new 3.) Globalization affected the proliferation system of beliefs from the East. of international terrorism. A number of believers of Asian One central issue face by the global Religions community is religious extremism. Zoroastrianism, Religious Extremism is a type of Confucianism, political violence anchored on the Buddhism, and belief that a supreme being grants Toism violence in the act of glorifying one’s Religion is influenced by global trends faith (Martin, 2007). Extremists believe that it is their Ecumenism duty to fulfill God’s will through violence. is the concept and principle by Ex. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Christians of different church (ISIS) traditions and denominations to develop closer relationships and 4.) Globalization prompted the increase of better unity between other individual religiosity traditions and denominations of Christianity. It is brought about by the individual’s need to rely on his/her Global-Local Religion - resulted from the beliefs and relationship with the interaction of religion and culture. supreme being. It is a reaction based on one’s Four distinct Glocalization frustration towards institutionalized religions for some people. 1.) Vernacularization For others, they do not want to Refers to the blending of universal engage in any organization. religions with local languages. Deterritorialization 2.) Indigenization Is a cultural feature that blurs the It transforms a universal religion to lines between culture and place and suit the specifics of a particular thus transcends territorial ethnic group. boundaries. Ex. The presence of Islam in 3.) Nationalization Europe and of Catholicism- Christianity in Arab nations due It constructs a link between the to the influx of overseas workers nation and church. carrying their own faith and Religious institutions relate to belief system. national identities and the realities of that nation. Easternization of the West Being part of the nation means belonging to its national church. 4.) Transnationalization World Vision - Is a Christian humanitarian organization helping children, families, and Has complemented religious communities overcome poverty and nationalization by focusing groups injustice. on identifying specific religious traditions of real or imagined ---------------------------------------------------------- national homelands. ------ Juergensmeyer (2014) claims that the Module 5.1 conflicts are about identity and economics and privilege and power. Global City Five stages of global religious rebellion Three stages of Globalization Revolt against Secularism - Localized Globalization 1.0 uprisings go up against the state’s less The fist stage of globalization. moral authority to govern. Known as the “Age of Mercantilism Internationalization of religious rebellion - and Colonialism”. The warfare between the religious and The driving forces in this stage secular politics. are the following: a. Workforce Invention of Global Enemies - Wherein anti- b. Horsepower American and anti-European sentiments are c. Windpower growing. d. Steam power Global War - There is an expansion of range Globalization 2.0 and depth of conflict between the secular and religious forces The second stage of globalization. Known as the “Age of Pax Religious Dimensions of Post-Arab Spring - Britannica” when Great Britain was Wherein the jihadist strategy is proven to the hegemonic power in terms of be not the way to end the struggle, but with trade and economy. the use of nonviolent means as The driving forces in this stage was demonstrated in the Tahrir Square in Egypt. new institutions. New Institution, Emergence of Source of Peace global markets and Plays a vital role in man’s search for multinational corporations. world peace. Globalization 3.0 The teachings on moral principles and values are necessary tools for The third stage of globalization. abatement of avarice, abhorrence, Known as the “Age of Pax and illusions that are the root of Americana” when the United States conflicts. of America was the hegemonic Touches the inner self of humans power in terms of security, trade, and encourages them to improve and economy. themselves and society. Occurred during the second half of Peacemakers task is on the 20th century. humanitarian assistance and faith- centered intervention. Became the sole superpower in the so nation-states to private actors, and from called – Unipolar World, after the fall of political systems to markets. Soviet Union in the 1980’s 4.) Growth - A deeply flawed economic Unipolar World compass is leading us to unsustainable growth in consumption, pollution flows, and This system was developed by the depletion of the planet’s strategic resources reigning hegemonic state by of topsoil, freshwater, and living species. defeating other great powers, not necessarily in a military aspect, but 5.) Reinvention of life and death genomic - in terms of economy and influence Genomic, biotechnology, neuroscience, and to other states in the world. life sciences revolutions are radically transforming the fields of medicine, Soft Power agriculture, and molecular science—and are putting control of evolution in human hands. This form of power “arises from the attractiveness of a country’s culture, 6.) Relationship between Humanity and the political ideals, and policies.” Earth - There has been a radical disruption Famed thinker Joseph Nye from of the relationship between human beings Harvard University coined the term. and the earth’s ecosystems, along with the The soft power is enhanced when beginning of a revolutionary transformation the policies are deemed justifiable of energy systems, agriculture, by other states. transportation, and construction worldwide. Six (6) Drivers of Global Change What is MNCs? 1.) Earth Inc. - Ever-increasing economic A business organization whose globalization has led to the emergence of activities are located in more than what Gore labels “Earth Inc.”—an two countries and is the integrated, holistic entity with a new and organizational form that defines different relationship to capital, labor foreign direct investment. (outsourcing and robo-sourcing), consumer Operate in two or more countries markets, and national governments than in and they usually have a the past. headquarters which can be found in one country, but it does not 2.) Global Mind - The worldwide digital necessarily affect the other communications, Internet, and computer branches in the other countries. revolutions have led to the emergence of Nation-States, are the “the Global Mind,” which links the thoughts centerpieces of the global and feelings of billions of people and community to the extent that connects intelligent machines, robots, MNCs threaten nation-states ubiquitous sensors, and databases. themselves (Gore, 2013). 3.) Shift in Balance of Power - The balance The World's 11 Largest Multinational of global political, economic, and military Corporation power is shifting more profoundly than at any time in the last five hundred years— 1.) Walmart - (United States) from a U.S.-centered system to one with multiple emerging centers of power, from 2.) State Grid - (China) 3.) China National Petroleum - (China) 5.) Royal Dutch Shell - (Netherlands) 4.) Markets for the products and innovation produced. 6.) Exxon Mobil - (United States) 7.) Volkswagen - (Germany) Characteristics of Global City 8.) Toyota Motor - (Japan) 1.) The cultural diversity of the people 9.) Apple - (United States) 2.) Existence of a center of economy 10.) BP - (United Kingdom) 3.) Geographic dispersal of economic activities that marks globalization 11.) Berkshire Hathaway - (United States) MNCs play a pivotal role not only in 4.) Global reach performance the global economy but also in the international political community Global City, is a conglomeration of cultures in a alongside nation-states in terms of particular geographical setting. their capacity to sustain themselves and considerably to influence the Cities as hubs for high economic, members of the international commercial, cultural and at times community. even political activities which can contribute to human progress and What is Global City? (SASKIA SASSEN) development through collaborative efforts of multicultural individuals Popularized the term “global city” in situated therein. 1990s. Her criteria for what constitutes a What is Global City? global city were primarily economic. Serves a s a hub for production, Serves as a hub for production, finance, and telecommunications. finance, and telecommunications. She identified three global cities: Attributes of Global City New York, London, and Tokyo 1.) Economic power - New York, Largest stock market in Saskia Sassen (1991)'s The Global City Identified the world in four ways: Tokyo, Houses the most number of corporate headquarters 1.) Key for finance and specialized service firms, Shanghai, Has the world’s busiest which have replaced manufacturing as the container post San Francisco, Home of Silicon leading economic services; Valley’s technology industries London, Preferred destination for 2.) Sites of production, including the production many Filipino’s with nursing degrees of innovation, in leading industries; Singapore, Considered as Asia’s most competitive city 3.) Highly concentrated command points in the organization of the world economy 2.) Centers of authority  Washington D.C, Seat of American Change is inevitable because of the state power flattening of the world. Friedman Canberra, Home to the country’s top (2005) politicians, bureaucrats, and policy advisors. New Trend in International Relation 3.) Center of political influence Technological innovation comprises activities that 4.) Center of higher learning and culture contribute to the research, development and design of new ---------------------------------------------------------- products, services or techniques, ------ or to improving existing products, and generates new technological Module 5.2 knowledge. Global Economic cooperation is when two or more countries work together to develop their economies through trade, Demography is the study of human financial help, etc. populations – their size, composition and Political alliance in the international distribution across space – and the process arena through which populations change. Births, A political alliance, also known deaths and migration are the ‘big three’ of as a coalition or bloc, is demography, jointly producing population cooperation by members of stability or change. different Population - is defined as a group of political parties, in countries individuals of the same species living and with a parliamentary system, on interbreeding within a given area. Members a common agenda of some kind. of a population often rely on the same This usually involves formal resources, are subject to similar agreements between two or environmental constraints, and depend on more entire parties. the availability of other members to persist Globalization is the continual over time. increase in transnational and worldwide economic, social, and A multipolar world - is a system in which cultural interactions that surpass power is distributed at least among 3 boundaries of states which significant poles concentrating wealth altogether generates political and/or military capabilities and able to implications (Viotti and Kauppi, block or disrupt major political 2013). ▪ Demograph Arrangements threatening their major ▪ is a field in statistics that is interests. A pole is an actor capable of concerned with births, deaths, producing order or generating disorder. income, or the incidence of Within a multipolar world, a pole could be disease, which later illustrates defined as an actor which has influence on the changing structure of human global outcomes beyond its own borders. populations. ▪ In the context of political science, demography is a statistical study to determine world population  that can be used as a tool to Historical events (colonialism, inter- identify certain phenomenon in war reduction, and post-world war geopolitics, public migration) administration and others. Development from pre-industrial to Global Civil Society industrialized economy The result of the changing perspective on technology and What led to low fertility rate? technological advancements and the movement of international The transition to low mortality rate organizations (IQs). was influenced by the reduction of This idea was seen during the contagious and infectious diseases '90s as “a mosaic of new groups, caused by advancements in organizations, and movements medicine and improved nutrition that started to appear, which because of the presence of local and both sought to challenge or international markets due to better resist what was seen as transportation of goods. corporate globalization and The preference over child survival create articulate models of social, than number of child births and the economic, and political assumption that raising children is development” (Heywood, 2011). more costly than the consumption Its formation is a result of a of goods, as children render less backlash against free-market economic contributions due to years capitalism. spent on education. It is where transnational non- Some Trends in Global Demography governmental organizations and social movements operate and 1.) Economic bubble in some parts of the offer an alternative to world transnational corporations. Its role in global demography is 2.)Wars in different states of every region its salient influence on institutional decision-making, 3.)The existence of transnational crimes affecting the populations at large. 4.) Climate change Global Demography 5.) Migration It is the study of the issues and developments of the global population. Is a series of events in population growth, fertility, and mortality rate for the past years, decades, and centuries. Causes of Transition in Global Demography Formal Migration